Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays

Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay This faculty will turn to the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. This context includes a scope of bureaus working with grownups and immature individuals who are involved in piquing and bureaus who work with the victims of offense. Social Work within the condemnable justness context can therefore affect direct work with people who have offended, for illustration working as a Probation Officer or working in a voluntary sector administration that provide services to people involved in the condemnable justness system. It besides involves working with kids and households who may be involved in the condemnable justness system or affected by offense. The faculty will cover the context and scenes of societal work in the condemnable justness system, the rules, methods and intercessions of working with piquing behavior ; appraisal in condemnable justness contexts ; the impact of offense and working with kids and immature people in the condemnable justness system. A committedness to anti-oppressive pattern underpins the faculty and pupils will be encouraged to critically believe and measure their ain pattern and positions. The faculty runs in Semester One and consists of talks which take topographic point on Tuesdays from 22/09/09 to 27/10/09. Lectures will be held from 10am to 1pm every Tuesday and on alternate hebdomads at that place will besides be talks from 2pm to 4pm in the afternoon. Tutorials will take topographic point on surrogate Fridays, get downing on 25/09/09. Students will be divided into tutorial groups and tutorials will run from 12-1pm and 1pm to 2pm on surrogate Fridays. Students will be notified of their assigned coach group in due class. Students will be assessed for via a written assignment which is due for entry on: Monday 2nd November at 4pm. Faculty Purposes Students will understand the societal work function within a condemnable Justice context, and develop their apprehension of the cognition, accomplishment and value base pertinent to the country of pattern. Learning Results Students will understand policy and statute law that informs the societal work function in this context. Students will larn the theoretical positions informing societal work intercession in a condemnable justness context. Students will research the research and methods that inform societal work intercession in the condemnable justness context. Students will develop accomplishments in the critical scrutiny of theory and its application to pattern. Students will understand their ain value base in relation to this country and have considered ethical issues in relation to pattern. Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( PPNAI, Willie McAuley ; John Warren, Extern ) Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) Course Reading Recommended Text A farther extended list of recommended reading is provided for each hebdomad of the class based on capable country. Appraisal Appraisal of this faculty is through a written assignment which is due for entry: Monday 2nd November by 4pm. You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs http: //www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofSociologySocialPolicySocialWork/ImportantNotice/ # d.en.93464 Students must reply one of the essay inquiries below and the word count for this assignment is: 2500 Words +/- 10 % Essay Questions Renewing Justice purposes to turn to the effects of piquing for victims and wrongdoers and communities in a meaningful manner. Critically measure this statement with mention to pattern in the Northern Ireland condemnable justness system. Young people who are involved in piquing should be treated as ‘children foremost . Discuss this statement with mention to policy and pattern in working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. The history of probation is one of an increased accent on public protection. Discuss this statement with mention to probation pattern in Northern Ireland. Appraisal of the hazard of re-offending and hazard of injury should steer the nature of intercession with wrongdoers. Critically measure this statement with mention to theory, policy and pattern. Guideline This assignment should be based on larning from your talks, workshops and guided survey / reading.You are encouraged to get down researching and preparing at an early phase as the entry day of the month is A treatment forum will besides be established on Queenss online in order to help you to portion thoughts with coachs and other pupils and to seek to portion resources for the assignment. REFERENCING Your assignment must be supported with mentions from relevant readings and you must follow the referencing guidelines associating to books, diaries and web based stuff provided in your class enchiridion. You are encouraged to read widely in fixing for your assignment, pulling on stuff from your reading list every bit good as other relevant stuff. You should besides look at the general appraisal guidelines in your appraisal enchiridion for more general assignment composing accomplishments. Essay counsel The best manner to construction the reply to a inquiry is to get down with a really brief analysis of what you interpret the inquiry as being about, and so a road-map of how you propose to reply it. This focuses your head on organizing a clear, consistent construction for your reply. Be really careful to bespeak every bit much as possible of what empirical or other grounds there is to back up your points. It is non necessary to come to a definite decision on the inquiry: uncertainness holding weighed the statements and grounds is about ever an acceptable place. What is indispensable, nevertheless, is that you have given sufficient weight to statements contrary to your ain, with grounds to endorse up your rejection. Frequently inquiries require you to show and measure a figure of point of views, indicated by such instructions as discuss , assess , how far is the instance that†¦ etc. But it is ever indispensable to see what alternate readings to your ain statement there might be. Beginning: Oxford University Press ( Online Resource Centre ) Requirements for the Award of 10 Credit Points In order to be awarded 10 recognition points towards the completion of the Bachelor s Degree in Social Work pupils must: Complete and subject a written assignment and derive a grade of at least 40 % . Attend at least 80 % of all talks ; and Attend at least 80 % of all workshops. Students who fail to go to for the needed figure of talks and tutorials, or who miss peculiarly important elements of the faculty, may be required to set about extra work in order to be awarded recognition points. Late SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK The University s regulation is that for work submitted after the deadline, 5 per centum points per working twenty-four hours are deducted from the received grade up to a upper limit of five yearss. Thereafter, the work receives zero. Extensions to try deadlines are covered by a formal University process and may be granted on evidences of sick wellness or personal fortunes. You need to subject a completed Exemption from Late Coursework Marks Penalty Form ( available from the Office, 6 College Park and on the School s Website www.qub.ac.uk/soc ) within three yearss of the essay deadline. The signifier should be accompanied by a medical certification ( NOT self-certification ) and/or other written back uping grounds and should be taken to the faculty convenor, sooner during his/her office hours, who decides whether or non to hold to an extension. Lecture Outlines Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm This talk will supply an debut to the faculty by sketching the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. The first talk will cover the history of societal work within the condemnable justness context and will research theoretical positions on the intersection of societal work and the condemnable justness system. Particular consideration will be given to the function of the societal worker within the parametric quantities of the ‘care or ‘control argument. Some of the cardinal stages of societal work intercession in the condemnable justness system will be explored runing from original societal work function as a ‘court missionary through to the current thrust towards intercessions based on the appraisal of hazard and ‘evidence based pattern . Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Following from the introductory talk, this tutorial will concentrate on some of the cardinal paradigm displacements that have influenced the function of societal work within the condemnable justness context. Students will be encouraged to critically research the function of societal work within this scene. Key Reading Social Work in the Criminal Justice System History, Context and Settings Audit Commission ( 1989 ) Promoting Value for Money in the Probation Service, London: HMSO Brownlee, I. ( 1998 ) Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. Essex: Longman Criminology Series Burnett, R. A ; Roberts, C. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice Cullompton: Willan Chapman, T. and Hough, M. ( 1998 ) Evidence Based Practice, London: HMIP Farrant, F. ( 2006 ) ‘Knowledge production and the penalty moral principle: The death of the probation service. Probation Journal, 53,4: 317-333 Fulton, B. A ; Parkhill, T. ( 2009 ) Making the Difference: an unwritten history of probation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: PBNI. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/archive/Publications/Other % 20Publications/pbni % 2025th % 20book.pdf Gorman, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Cognitive behaviorism and the hunt for the Holy Grail: The pursuit for a cosmopolitan agencies of pull offing wrongdoer hazard. Probation Journal, 48, 3: 3-9 Kemshall, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Effective pattern in probation: An illustration of ‘Advanced Liberal responsibilisation? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41,1: 41-58 Lindsay, T. A ; Quinn, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Fair Play in Northern Ireland: Towards Anti-Sectarian Practice. Probation Journal, 42, 2: 102-109 McKnight, J. ( 2009 ) ‘Speaking up for Probation Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48,4: 327-343 Mair, G. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Matters in Probation Cullompton: Willan Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. ( 2000 ) ‘Reflections: uncertainties about the what works enterprise , Probation Journal, 47, 4: 272-275 Robinson, G. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘The hereafter of rehabilitation: What function for the probation service? Probation Journal, 53,4: 334-346 Vanstone, M. ( 2004 ) ‘Mission control: The beginnings of a human-centered service. Probation Journal, 51, 1: 34-47 Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr These talks will concentrate on the development and usage of community punishments. Students will larn about the development of the ‘what works enterprise and the thrust towards effectual, evidence-based pattern. Key issues such as hazard direction and public protection will be explored and pupils will be encouraged to critically measure these developments. Cardinal developments in working with wrongdoers will be outlined including some of the most recent methods of intercession based on research grounds. Key Reading Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Andrews, D. , Bonta, J. and Hoge, R. ( 1990a ) ‘Classification for effectual rehabilitation , Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17,1: 19-52. Andrews, D. et Al. ( 1990b ) ‘Does correctional intervention work? Criminology, 28, 369-404 Ansbro, M. ( 2008 ) ‘Using attachment theory with wrongdoers. Probation Journal, 55,3: 231-244 Bailie, R. ( 2006 ) ‘Women Wrongdoers: The Development of a Policy and Strategy for Implementation by the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Irish Probation Journal, 3, 1:97-110 Batchelor, S. ( 2004 ) ‘Prove me the Bam! Victimization and bureau in the lives of immature adult females who commit violent offenses. Probation Journal, 52, 4: 358-375 Bhui, H.S. A ; Buchanan, J. ( 2004 ) ‘What Works? and complex individualism. Probation Journal, 51,3: 195-196 Bottoms, A. and Williams, W. ( 1979 ) ‘A non-treatment paradigm for probation pattern British Journal of Social Work, 9,2: 160-201 Burnett R A ; Roberts C ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice, Developing Evidence Based Practice. Cullompton: Willan Burnett, R. A ; McNeill, F. ( 2005 ) ‘The topographic point of the officer-offender relationship in helping wrongdoers to abstain from offense. Probation Journal, 52,3: 221-242 Bushway, S.D. ; Thornberry, T.P. A ; Krohn, M.D. ( 2003 ) ‘Desistance as a developmental procedure: A comparing of inactive and dynamic attacks. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 2: 129-153 Cherry, S. ( 2005 ) Transforming Behaviour: Pro-social Modelling in Practice. Cullompton: Willan Dixon, L. A ; Ray, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Current issues and developments in race hatred offense Probation Journal, 54,2: 109-124 Farrall, S. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1999 ) ‘Structuration, human development and desistance from offense. British Journal of Criminology 17, 2: 255-267 Farrall, S. ( 2002 ) Rethinking What Works with Wrongdoers: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan Healy, D. A ; ODonnell, I. ( 2008 ) ‘Calling clip on offense: Motivation, generativity and bureau in Irish Probationers. Probation Journal, 55,1: 25-38 Jordan, R. A ; OHare, G. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Probation Board for Northern Ireland s Cognitive Self-Change Program: An overview of the pilot programme in the community. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 125-136 Loughran, H. ( 2006 ) ‘A topographic point for Motivational Interviewing in Probation? Irish Probation Journal, 3,1: 17-29 Martinson, R. ( 1974 ) ‘What works? Questions and replies about prison reform , ThePublic Interest, 10, 22-54 McCulloch, P. ( 2005 ) ‘Probation, societal context and desistance: retracing the relationship. Probation Journal, 52,1: 8-22 McGuire, J. A ; Priestly, P. ( 1995 ) ‘Reviewing â€Å"what works† : Past, nowadays and hereafter. In J. McGuire ( Ed. ) What Works in Reducing Re-offending. Sussex: Wiley McNeill, F. ( 2001 ) ‘Developing effectivity: Frontline Perspectives , Social Work Education, 20,6: 671-678 McNeill, F. ( 2006 ) ‘A desistance paradigm for wrongdoer direction Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 39-62 McWilliams, W. ( 1987 ) ‘Probation, pragmatism and policy , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26,2:97-121 Maruna, S. ( 2001 ) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lifes. Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association Maruna, S. ; Immarigeon, R. A ; LeBel, T.P. ( 2004 ) ‘Ex-offender Reintegration: Theory and Practice In: S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon ( explosive detection systems. ) After Crime and Punishment: Nerve pathwaies to Offender Integration, Cullompton: Willan Miller, W. A ; Rollnick, S. ( 2006 ) Motivational Interviewing, Gilford Press, New York Raynor, P. A ; Vanstone, M. ( 1994 ) ‘Probation pattern, effectivity and the non-treatment paradigm , British Journal of Social Work, 24,4: 387-404 Rex, S. ( 1999 ) ‘Desistance from piquing: Experiences of probation , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 4: 366-383 Rex, S. A ; Bottoms, A. ( 2003 ) ‘Evaluating the judges: Researching the accreditation of wrongdoer programmes. Probation Journal, 50,4: 359-368 Smith, D. ( 2004 ) ‘The utilizations and maltreatments of positivism , in G. Mair ( Ed. ) What Matters in Probation, Cullompton: Willan Vanstone, M. ( 2000 ) ‘Cognitive-behavioural work with wrongdoers in the UK: a history of an influential enterprise , Howard Journal, 39,2: 171-183 Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Measuring the hazard of re-offending and the hazard of injury is one of the nucleus undertakings of the societal worker within the condemnable justness system.This talk will cover the background of appraisal and some of the factors that impact on appraisal. Particular attending will be paid to research grounds concerning, dynamic and inactive hazard factors in relation to piquing. In add-on, attending will be paid to protective factors and research relating to desistance from offense. An overview will be provided of a scope of hazard appraisal tools presently in usage within the condemnable justness system. Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur This tutorial will be in a workshop format and will concentrate on the usage of hazard appraisal tools in relation to the appraisal of the hazard re-offending and hazard of injury with the purpose of be aftering intercessions to turn to these countries. Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Aye-Maung, N. A ; Hammond, N. ( 2000 ) ‘Risk of re-offending and Needs Appraisals: The User s Perspective. ( Home Office Research Study 216 ) . London: Home Office Best, P. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Assessment, Case Management and Evaluation System ( ACE ) in Northern Ireland. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 101-107 Kemshall, H. ( 1998 ) Hazard in Probation Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate Kemshall, H. ( 2003 ) Understanding Hazard in Criminal Justice. Berkshire: Open University Press Kemshall, H. ( 2008 ) Understanding the Management of High Risk Offenders. Berkshire: Open University Press Merrington, S. A ; Skinns, J. ( 2002 ) ‘Using ACE to Profile Criminogenic Needs , Probation Studies Unit ACE Practitioner Bulletin No. 1, University of Oxford. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crim.ox.ac.uk/publications/psubull1.pdf ODwyer, G. ( 2008 ) ‘A Risk Assessment and Risk Management Approach to Sexual Offending for the Probation Service. Irish Probation Journal, Vol. 5: 84-91 Robinson, G. ( 2002 ) ‘Exploring hazard direction in probation pattern: modern-day developments in England and Wales. Punishment and Society, 4, 1: 5-25 Robinson, G. ( 2003 ) ‘Implementing OASys: lessons from research into LSI-R and ACE Probation Journal, 50, 1:30-40 Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr This talk will turn to issues refering the impact of offense, and will research issues associating to victims of offense. The construct of the ‘victim of offense will be critically assessed with mention to a scope of literature, and the victim s function within the condemnable justness system will be explored. The function of the Social Worker in working with victims of offense will besides be analysed. The rules and patterns of renewing justness attacks will be examined and explored specifically in relation to the Northern Ireland context. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) The afternoon talk will affect a panel presentation from representatives from two bureaus working with victims of offense. The presenters will concentrate on peculiar issues and subjects associating to their work and pupils will hold an chance to discourse the issues raised. Victims and the Impact of Crime Hoyle, C. A ; Zedner, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Victims, victimization and the condemnable justness system. In M. Maguire ; R. Morgan A ; R. Reiner ( Eds. ) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology ( Fourth Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Hunter, C. ( 2005 ) ‘The View of Victims of Crime on How the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Victim Information Scheme Might Operate Irish Probation Journal, 2,1: 43-47 Norton, S. ( 2007 ) ‘The topographic point of victims in the Criminal Justice System. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 63-76 Williams, B. ( 2009 ) ‘Victims In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Renewing Justice Braithwaite, J. ( 1989 ) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Campbell C, Devlin R, OMahony D, Doak J ( 2005 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth conferencing Service NIO Research and Statistical Series: Report No 12 Daly, K. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative Justice: The existent narrative Punishment and Society, 4,1: 55-79 Daly, K. A ; Stubbs, J. ( 2006 ) ‘Feminist battle with renewing justness. Theoretical Criminology, 10, 1: 9-28 Gelsthorpe, L. A ; Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative youth justness. The last traces of public assistance? In: J. Muncie ; G. Hughes A ; E. McLaughlin ( Eds. ) Youth Justice Critical Readings. London: Sage Gray, P. ( 2005 ) ‘The political relations of hazard and immature wrongdoers experiences of societal exclusion and renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 45,6: 938-957 Hamill, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Victims of paramilitary Punishment Attacks in Belfast. In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 49-70. , Oxford: Hart Hoyle, C. ( 2002 ) ‘Securing renewing justness for the â€Å"Non-Participating† Victim . In: In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 97-132. , Oxford: Hart McEvoy, K. A ; Mika, H. ( 2002 ) ‘ Renewing Justice and the review of informalism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3: 534-562 McLaughlin, E. ; Fergusson, R. ; Hughes, G. A ; Westmarland, L. Restorative Justice: Critical Issues London, Sage Marshall, T. ( 1999 ) Renewing Justice: An Overview. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-resjus.pdf Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 42,3: 596-615 OMahony, D. A ; Doak, J. ‘Restorative Justice- Is More Better? The Experience of Police-led Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 43, no. 5 Shapland, J. ; Atkinson, A. ; Atkinson, H. ; Dignan, J. ; Edwards, L ; Hibbert, J. Howes, M. ; Johnstone, J. ; Robinson, G. A ; Sorsby, A. ( 2008 ) Does renewing justness affect reconviction? The 4th study from the rating of three strategies. London: Ministry of Justice. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/restorative-justice-report_06-08.pdf Zehr H A ; Towes B ( EDS ) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice, Willan Publishing Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( Nicola Carr and Willie McAuley, PPNAI ) Public protection has formed an of import portion of the work of condemnable justness bureaus in recent old ages. This talk explores the ‘public protection discourse, and its practical deductions in relation to new ‘public protection agreements. The 2nd portion of this talk will concentrate on the function of societal work in relation to captives and their households and the function of relocation. Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) This tutorial will follow from this hebdomad s talk and reference issues in relation to captives, the effects of imprisonment and relocation. Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Burnett, R. A ; Maruna, S. ( 2006 ) ‘The kindness of captives: Strengths-based relocation in theory and action. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 83-106 Corcoran, M. ( 2007 ) ‘Normalisation and its discontents: Constructing the ‘irreconcilable female political captive in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 47,3: 405-422 Her Majesty s Inspectorates of Prison and Probation ( 2001 ) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/prison-gate-rps.pdf Kemshall, H. ( 1996 ) Reviewing Hazard: A reappraisal of the research on the appraisal and direction of hazard and dangerousness: Deductions for policy and pattern in the Probation Service. London: Home Office Kemshall, H. A ; Maguire, M. ( 2001 ) ‘Public Protection, partnership and hazard penality: The Multi-Agency hazard direction of sexual and violent wrongdoers. Punishment and Society, 3,2: 237-264 Lewis, S. ; Vennard, J. ; Maguire, M. ; Raynor, P. ; Vanstone, M. ; Raybould, S. A ; Rix, A. ( 2003 ) The Resettlement of short-run captives: an rating of seven scouts. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/occ83pathfinders.pdf McEvoy, K. ; Shirlow, P. A ; McElrath, K. ( 2004 ) ‘Resistance, passage and exclusion: Politically motivated ex-prisoners and struggle transmutation in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 3: 646-670 Maguire, M. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘How the relocation of captives promotes desistance from offense: Or does it? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1:19-38 Maruna, S. A ; Liebling, A. ( 2004 ) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Saint matthews, R. ( 2009 ) ‘Prisons in C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2004 ) The Hurt Inside. The Imprisonment of adult females and misss in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statewatch.org/news/2004/oct/the-hurt-inside-nihrc.pdf Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2005 ) ‘Degradation, injury and endurance in a adult females s prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, 1: 67-7 Wahidin, A. ( 2009 ) ‘Ageing in prison: offense and the condemnable justness system. In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Working with immature people who are involved in the condemnable justness system involves turn toing the context of piquing and the public assistance needs of the immature individual. This talk will cover the theories and patterns that inform this work, with mention to research literature and the current system and policy context in Northern Ireland. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) The afternoon talk will be delivered by Kelvin Doherty, from the Youth Justice Agency, who will supply an overview of the young person conferencing service in Northern Ireland. The talk will concentrate on the purposes, principle and operation of young person conferences through an synergistic session. Working with Young People in the Criminal Justice System Campbell, C. ; Devlin, R. ; OMahony, D. ; Doak, J. ; Jackson, J. ; Corrigan, T. A ; McEvoy, K. ( 2006 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth Conference Service. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/evaluation_of_the_northern_ireland_youth_conference_service.pdf Ellison, G. ( 2001 ) Young Peoples, Crime, Policing and Victimisation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queen s University. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ellison00.htm Graham, J. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1995 ) Young Peoples and Crime ( Home Office Research Study No. 145 ) , London: Home Office Hamilton, J. ; Radford, K. A ; Jarman, N. ( 2003 ) Patroling, Accountability and Young People. Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/policeyp.pdf Include Youth ( 2008 ) A Manifesto for Youth Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Include Youth. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/fs/doc/Include-Youth-Manifesto-2008.pdf Leonard, M. ( 2004 ) Children in Interface Areas: Contemplations from North Belfast. Belfast: Salvage the Children Muncie, J. ( 2004 ) Young person and Crime ( Second Edition ) London: Sage NICCY ( 2008 ) Children in Conflict with the Law and the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Belfast: NICCY. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/uploaded_docs/1_71784_NIC71784 % 20Childrens % 20Rights % 20Text % 208.pdf OMahony, D. A ; Deazley, R. ( 2000 ) Juvenile Crime and Youth Justice, Review of the Criminal Justice System for Northern Ireland. Research Report No. 17. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office OMahony, D. A ; Campbell, C. ( 2006 ) ‘Mainstreaming renewing justness for immature wrongdoers through young person conferencing: The experience of Northern Ireland. In: J. Junger-Tas A ; S.H. Decker ( Eds. ) 93-116, International Handbook of Juvenile Justice. Quinn, K. A ; Jackson, J. ( 2003 ) The Detention and Questioning of Young People by the Police in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/detention_and_questioning_of_young_persons_by_the_police_in_northern_ireland_part1.pdf Scraton, P. ( 2007 ) ‘Children immature people and struggle in Northern Ireland. In: P. Scraton Power, Conflict and Criminalisation. London: Routledge Smyth, M. with Fay, M.T. ; Brough, E. A ; Hamilton, J. ( 2004 ) The Impact of Political Conflict on Children in Northern Ireland. Belfast: ICR. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/CCICReport.pdf Whyte, B. ( 2009 ) Youth Justice in Practice. Making a Difference. Bristol: Policy Imperativeness Useful Web sites Extern Is a voluntary sector administration that provides services to wrongdoers. The website provides item on the background and work of the administration. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.extern.org Howard League The Howard League is a penal reform administration. Its website contains information in relation to the penal system in England and Wales, intelligence of developments within the penal system and policy and research paperss. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howardleague.org/ Include Youth an independent administration that actively promotes the rights, best involvements of and best pattern with immature people in demand or at hazard. This website includes studies on immature people s experiences of the condemnable justness system: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/about-us/ Institute for Conflict Research The Institute for Conflict Research is an independent research administration, which specialises in working on issues related to conflict, human rights, societal transmutation and societal justness. The administration s web site contains a scope of publications of relevancy to the condemnable justness context. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/cms/ NIACRO is a voluntary administration that works with people who offend. It offers employment and preparation services and besides works with captives and their households. The administration s web site contains a scope of information on the services they provide and it besides includes a figure of publications. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niacro.co.uk/ NICCY- Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People. This website includes research studies on issues refering kids and immature people. It has a scope of research studies and policy paperss associating to immature people and the juvenile justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/ Northern Ireland Office The Northern Ireland Office ( NIO ) was established in 1972 following the disintegration of the Northern Ireland authorities. Its current function is to back up the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland ‘in procuring a permanent peace . ‘The NIO presently has duty for Northern Ireland s constitutional and security issues, in peculiar, jurisprudence and order, political personal businesss, patroling and condemnable justness. The web site of the NIO contains all the recent condemnable justness statute law, policy paperss and counsel. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/ Northern Ireland Prison Service The Northern Ireland Prison Service s website provides overview information on the prison estate in Northern Ireland. It contains a scope of statistical information on the prison population. It besides contains policy paperss associating to the operation of the prison service. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niprisonservice.gov.uk/index.cfm PBNI The Probation Board of Northern Ireland s web site provides item on the construction of the probation service in Northern Ireland and the scope of intercessions and work undertaken by the Probation Service. The web site besides contains all of the back issues of the Irish Probation Journal in a downloadable format. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/site/Home.aspx? x=eTyoYPm5488= Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland -The ombudsman investigates and trades with ailments associating to the constabulary and policing in Northern Ireland. The website provides information on the function of the Ombudsman and statistics and information in relation to ailments. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policeombudsman.org/index.cfm PSNI The web site of the Police Service of Northern Ireland provides an overview of the service and provides a scope of information including policy paperss associating to patroling in Northern Ireland. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psni.police.uk/ Prison Reform Trust The prison reform trust contains a broad scope of up to day of the month information on the prison system in the United Kingdom, including item on day-to-day prison Numberss and countries of concern sing imprisonment. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Public Protection Northern Ireland This website provides item on the public protection agreements in topographic point in Northern Ireland following the debut of the Criminal Justice ( NI ) Order 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Youth Justice Agency The declared purposes of the Youth Justice Agency of NI is to forestall offending by kids. In making so, it delivers a scope of services, frequently in partnership with others, to assist kids turn to their piquing behavior, deviate them from offense, help their integrating into the community, and to run into the demands of victims of offense. The bureau s web site provides a utile usher of the scope of countenances available for immature people involved in piquing and provides item on the renewing justness theoretical account. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthjusticeagencyni.gov.uk/ Youth Justice Board The Youth Justice Board oversees the young person justness system in England and Wales. Its web site contains a scope of research studies and policy paperss that provide utile information on working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/ Key Legislation and Reports Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 1996 Condemnable Justice ( Children ) ( NI ) Order 1998 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2002 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2004 Anti-Social Behaviour ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2004 Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 2008 ‘The Patten Report Patten, C. ( 1999 ) A New Beginning: Policing and Northern Ireland. The Report of the Independent Commission on Northern Ireland.London: HMSO Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/patten/patten99.pdf Reappraisal of the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland ( 2000 ) Capital of northern ireland: The Stationery Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/review_of_the_criminal_justice_system_in_northern_ireland.pdf Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ SWK3005 Social Work in the Criminal Justice Context, 2009-2010

Theory and Practice of Leadership Research Paper

Theory and Practice of Leadership - Research Paper Example Thus, the managers require identifying the leadership approaches which can help in the integration of marketing activities and also help the employees in achieving their personal and professional goals. Leadership has been defined â€Å"essentially contested concept† (Godwin, Neck & Houghton, 2000, p.161). The concept has been regarded very different from management and not for the reasons employee think but because of its exotic and charismatic traits. Traditional theorist regarded leadership as integrated approach which laid emphasis on team work and had the ability to influence its followers. Traditionally, the relationship between employer and employee resembled almost to man servant relationship which has been replaced by superior subordinate relationship. The leadership theories occurred in various groups which helped in the emergence of various innovative ideas and also in the improvement of the existing features. A high quality relationship between the employer and emp loyee is actually a result of the dyadic approach between the leaders and subordinates. The dynamic relationship between the management and subordinates would lead to positive interactions between the employers and employees. Innovativeness is closely related to leadership as it is regarded as the key goal of the organization. It helps in the accomplishment of goals and objectives through proper and innovative methods and has a positive impact on the organizational performance. As per traditional theorists leadership helps in creation of a congenial organizational climate. There are various facets of leadership theories and one of them is the leader member followership relationship which helps in constructing problem solving solutions. These also help in enhancement of follower efficacy and in inculcating innovativeness among the organizational members. Situational Leadership Although, several theorists introduced the concept of leadership and various other leadership styles, situat ional leadership was the first theory which focused on the effectiveness of leadership style. Presently, no theorist believes that there is a singular leadership theory which can contribute effectively in managing various situational crises. Several situational theories were developed to highlight the leadership style which is apt for every manager under various managerial circumstances. These situational theories are highly dependent upon factors like the particular situation, task, people, environmental variables and organization. Fiedler had proposed a situational theory which proposed that there is no singular way of handling particular situation (Bolen, 2004). He proposed that a particular leadership style should be selected as per the managerial situation (Bolen, 2004).A distinction should be made between the task and relationship oriented managers. Task oriented manager’s lays emphasis on the present tasks in hand than on the enhancement of the leader member relationsh ip. These kind of managers focus on the organizational structure, task delegated to the members and the position and power of the employees. Relationship oriented managers excel in most of the situations and their managerial style resembles participative style of leadership. According to theorists Hersey

Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coffee - Essay Example One study that significantly highlights the growth of the US coffee industry was cited in the article written by H. Holmes. (2004) According to Holmes, "specialty coffee consumption has risen from 9 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2004. Every day, more than half of the adult population drinks coffee, 108.9 million people. The United States accounts for 52 million of those coffee drinkers." (2004) More importantly, Holmes cited various data that helps define the current state of the US coffee market. For one, Holmes pointed out that Even though 75 percent of the cups of coffee brewed daily are consumed at home, 66 percent of Americans buy their coffee outside of their homes. The Specialty Coffee Association of America reported at the end of 2003 that the total number of retail coffee shops in the country had reached 17,400 or 4% more than in 2002. The market size of coffee grew from $7.53 billion in 1999 to $8.96 billion in 2003 (Holmes, 2004). Such findings translates to wonderful prospects for current and future coffee establishments such as the Coffee Connection. What such data means is that Americans are very likely to purchase their coffee drinks from coffee shops rather than make them at home. Also, it was pointed out in the same article that coffee bar patrons are younger, more affluent, and educated and are 22 percent more likely to be aged 18-24. This means well for the Coffee Connection primarily because majority of the people in the inner city campus targeted by the said establishment fall between the said age range. In another study conducted by the research group Data Monitor of the US Coffee Industry, several significant findings were made. According to the said study, "Prepared coffee sales continue to outpace packaged coffee sales, becoming more widely available than ever before. Prepared coffee is not only driving growth in foodservice channels, but in retail channels such as convenience stores as well." What this translates to is that consumers are more inclined to purchase coffee prepared in various establishments such as coffee shops and convenience stores rather than buy packaged coffee drinks. Such findings goes well for prospective coffee shop owners. Also, the said research found that despite the rising prices of coffee brought about by the dry weather in coffee growing regions and damage from natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, the retail coffee market remained elastic all through out the said increase. This, again, translate to good prospects for future coffee shop owners as it means that the consumer market continues to drink coffee despite of the increase in price. Another article that has significant bearing on the establishment of Coffee Connection was written by Alex Fisenko (2006). In his article, Fisenko pointed out that there is a bright future that lies ahead for coffee shops, even the small and independent establishments. Basically, Fisenko asserts that "The single most important factor for the success of a retail coffee business is the location" (2006). The amount of sales and profit generated by a coffee shop depends greatly on the location chosen for it. Furthermore, Fisenko pointed out that independent coffee shops should not be deterred by the large-scale coffee chains as these establishments concentrate on the larger

Television Violence and Children

Television Violence and Children I. Overview Television has been hailed by many as the greatest invention ever created and as such, it has wrought a great influence towards each and every person. Through the television, we were able to view several important events throughout our history such as the very first trip to the moon, the tragedy of the September 11 attack at the World Trade Center and other such disasters and major events. On average, American children watch about three to four hours of television everyday with half almost half having the television set in their own bedroom. Consequently, it has become an influential factor towards the development of a child’s values and behavior. Nowadays, there is an assortment of shows from movies to cable television and even commercial ads that features a lot of violence. Coupled with a lesser degree of supervision from parents, children are constantly exposed to themes of violence. Due to this, the children’s television act was enacted wherein research into the topic was required. Several studies have found out that a lengthy exposure to television violence causes aggressiveness levels to rise. Furthermore, it has been found out that being exposed to TV violence can lead to children becoming immune to the idea of violence, accepting violence as something that can solve their problems, imitate what they see in television as well as identify with the characters on television that display violent behavior. It was in the year 1964 that television was found out to be a strong influence to the behavior of a child. Parents themselves can limit the effects of television violence by modeling appropriate behaviors and limiting the amount and nature of the show that children watch especially amongst younger children in from the toddler and preschool age. II. Controversy â€Å"What one learns about life from the television screen seems to be transmitted to the next generation,† Leonard Eron, from The University of Michigan who chairs the APA Commission on Violence and Youth â€Å"I dont know anyone in peace studies who doesnt think ads, TV and movies in a very significant way affect violence against women and violence by gangs. The burden of proof needs to fall not on those trying to show a positive correlation, but on those who continue to promote violence and use it as entertainment.† Robin Crews, a professor at the University of Colorado who heads a group of activist academics called the Peace Studies Association Scenario / Situation With American children glued to the TV for an average of 27 hours each week (in the inner city its often 11 hours per day), the American Psychological Association (APA) now estimates that a typical child will watch 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school. In the mid-1980s, 13-year-old Juan Valdez of Manteca, Calif., confessed to murdering a friends father. Having kicked, stabbed, beaten and choked the man with a dog chain, the boy was asked why he also poured salt on the victims wounds. â€Å"Oh, I dont know,† he replied, â€Å"I just seen it on TV.† Children learn most through visual stimulation and as such, they tend to imitate the behaviors they observe regardless whether it is negative or positive. Even if children imitate the behaviors of â€Å"good guys† in shows or movies, these are still aggressive in nature and they learn that fighting is the solution for conflicts as well as violence as an acceptable means of resolving problems. Furthermore, children who are exposed for a lengthier time to television violence have demonstrated difficulties in problem solving and poor interpersonal relationships. It can’t be denied that television has certain adverse effects on our society. Ever since the television’s inception, crime rates have steadily increased. Nowadays, even the school, a center for education and learning have become almost like war zones as there have been incidents of school shootings. Previous studies have shown that children as young as 5 years old, has the ability to understand the behavioral content of television shows. Another study, which experimented on four year old children have found out that their behavior during play was influenced by the aggressive behavior they see on television. These problems have been blamed partly, on the violence that children are exposed to everyday while watching television plus the given fact that there is excessive violence and sex on television. As a result, the present content of these shows contribute largely to both physical and verbal aggression of children which are evident in various situations. Children who have been continuously exposed to violent themes may take these characteristics as something that is ordinary and usual in the real world which may lead them to conclude that violence is both acceptable and the standard. Thus, these children, once they grow up may show indifference to violence and deem it suitable. III. Quotations Quotation One: In the words of a recent American Psychological Association (APA) report, â€Å"the accumulated research clearly demonstrates a correlation between viewing violence and aggressive behavior that is, heavy viewers behave more aggressively than light viewers.† Article Title: TV Violence By Charles S. Clark Works Cited Information: American Psychological Association Quoted in TV Guide, op. cit. Quotation Two: â€Å"I dont know anyone in peace studies who doesnt think ads, TV and movies in a very significant way affect violence against women and violence by gangs. The burden of proof needs to fall not on those trying to show a positive correlation, but on those who continue to promote violence and use it as entertainment.† Article Title: TV Violence By Charles S. Clark Works Cited Information: Robin Cooks as Quoted in Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1992. IV. Evidence First Piece of Evidence: Violence has been popularly depicted ever since and especially now when advancements in technology presents a means to deliver to audiences a realistic show which contains detailed scenes and a rapid sequence of action. Even cartoons nowadays can be described as containing aggressive and at times, even violent themes which is one major source of problem. In a survey of elementary school educators, it was found out that the show â€Å"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles† can cause confusion between what is real and what is fantasy. One teacher even reported that â€Å"Several children really thought it was OK to use physical violence with other children because [the turtles] do that,† Article Title: , â€Å"The Subversion of Healthy Development and Play: Teachers Reactions to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles† Works Cited Information: Nancy Carlsson-Paige and Diane E. Levin, â€Å"The Subversion of Healthy Development and Play: Teachers Reactions to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Day Care and Early Education, winter 1991. Second Piece of Evidence: In several studies and research conducted by various groups, the reactions of children were studied wherein they were shown a scene of a man punching an inflatable toy and being rewarded with sweets and candy. Another study, meanwhile, compared the level of aggression of a child after watching a combat that features cartoon characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker and tom Jerry and comparing it to other shows such as Lassie. Researchers also studied how homicide rates were affected by watching televised boxing matches and even noting increases in suicide rates following the TV shows which depict suicide. Accordingly, results show that there were measurable increases of three to fifteen percent of causative effects. Article Title: Television as a Social Issue Works Cited Information: Stuart Oskamp (ed.), Television as a Social Issue, (1988), p. 190. Reference: Carlsson-Paige, Nancy and Levin, Diane. The Subversion of Healthy Development and Play: Teachers Reactions to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Day Care and Early Education, winter 1991. Cooks, Robin as Quoted in Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1992 Huesmann, Rowell and Miller, Laurie (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In L. Rowell Huesmann (ed.) Aggressive Behavior, (pp. 153-186), New York: Plenum Press. Stuart Oskamp (ed.), Television as a Social Issue, (1988), p. 190.

Women and Social Change in Harper Lee

Heaper Lee's ‘To Kill A Mockingbird' was first published in the sass's which was an era famous for radical change in the United States both culturally and politically as bit by bit both women and African Americans were gaining power In a society predominantly governed by rich, white men. ‘To Kill A Mockingbird' can almost be regarded as a form of propaganda In favor of women's rights as well as those of the African American community. Although things were changing, Harper Lee still needed to be careful as to how she got her message across.Cleverly, she manages to get way with the things she says, using the medium of fictional characters, such as Miss Maude or California, and more Importantly Innocent children, for example Scout, In order to give the novel a sense of realism however, there are many characters who do not advocate this type of social change such as the Lowell family or, In some aspects, Aunt Alexandra. In a sense, Scout is essentially the personification of the social change to come and a model society.Her naivety due mostly to her youth enables her to interact with the community without prejudice. When Gem recounts to Scout what he thinks about the efferent social classes in Macomb, discriminating between ‘regular' people and the Negroes', Scout responds with, â€Å"Ana, Gem, I think there's Just one kind of folks. Folks. † Although neither she nor Gem realism it this is a deeply profound quote because in it's simplest form she is saying that everybody is equal.Although brushed off by most adults in ;To Kill A Mockingbird' as immaturity, Scout's thoughts could be viewed as a form of maturity because, unlike many key members of the community, she does not worry about inconsequential and superficial matters such as sex or race but connives their attitude and their character. Scout also has a very inquisitive mind and unlike most children her age, she does not simply blindly agree with tradition, she questions everything she is told and everything she does.It is likely that a lot of these qualities come from the role models in her life including Miss Maude and California. When it comes to being a role model for Scout and Gem, Miss Maude Is the perfect woman to look up to. More importantly for Scout because as she lost her mother, she needs a positive female in her life to aspire to. Miss Maude Is Gem and Scout's favorite adult among the community because she treats everyone she meets with respect unless they give her a reason not to.This respect extends even to children and members of the black community. She explains to Scout what Attic's meant when he said it was a sin to kill a mockingbird, â€Å"Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy†¦ That's why It Is a sin to kill a mockingbird†. She Is very alike to Attic's and holds similar principles and views on how society should be. In developing the mockingbird metaphor, she helps Scout to learn about what Is eight and w hat Is wrong. With the loss of their mother at a young age, It Is up to discipline the children.She is especially important for Scout because, being a girl, she needs a female role model to look up to and emulate. With Attic's being particularly laid back it is California who reprimands the children when they do wrong. She provides discipline and support for Scout which are both important aspects of a child's life. In the book Scout describes California showing affection towards her; ‘California bent down and kissed me. I ran along, wondering what had come over her'. This exemplifies the love California offers the children as well as all the discipline even if Scout fails to recognize it.It is also important that the children experience the African American culture in order to fully understand who these people are and the injustice they have been through. With this in mind, California takes Scout and Gem to her church on what could be represented as an educational trip. Cal ta kes them there to show them first hand what the black community is really like in Macomb as oppose to the negative stories and rumors the children have probably heard from their friends. Another important influence in Scout's life and on the community is Aunt Alexandra.However, her effect on Scout's life can be regarded as slightly negative as her social standpoint and beliefs are almost completely opposite as to those of which Attic's shares with Miss Maude. Aunt Alexandra is a fiercely traditional and family orientated. She represents Macomb's conservative society which is based strongly around an unjust social hierarchy. Her traditional views often lead to arguments between her and Scout. For instance when Scout asks Aunt Alexandra why she wont allow her to go and play with Walter she replies eternal, â€Å"Because-?he-?is-?trash, that's why you can't play with him.I'll not have you around him, picking up his habits and learning Lord-knows-what†. She is so caught up in the superficial image of her family that she won't even let children of two separate social classes play together. This causes Scout to dislike her Aunt as throughout her entire life she had been taught by Attic's and her other female role models to respect everyone and treat them as equals. Although often forgotten about in history, women play an increasingly important role in all our lives.Although any of Macomb community's women choose to abstain from making an impact on society a small few such as Miss Maude decide to make a difference. They do this by influencing the future generations and educating them so as to enable them to do more in life. There are many people in Macomb that influence society but in particular that influence Scout. Some positively and some negatively. Each person contributes to her wealth of knowledge, however, in the end, it is up to Scout and the rest of her generation to form their own opinion and change society and the way things are for women.

Methadone Maintenance

Opiate addiction is a chronic disease that affects millions of people in the Unites States. This deadly epidemic is one that in most cases requires some form of medical treatment. There are many treatment options available to those struggling with addiction. The three most well-known options are rapid detect, jukeboxes, and methadone maintenance (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction Facts for Families and Friends).Though each form of treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages, they all have one common goal; drug freedom. Research has shown that those receiving treatment are nearly twice as likely to achieve their goal of drug freedom (Mayo Clinic). Opiates are highly addictive powerful drugs that are derived from the poppy plant and are generally used to relieve pain (mayo clinic). There are two types of opiates, natural and man-made. Though both are prescribed by physicians with the exception of heroin, often times when dealing with someone that has become addic ted they are obtained illegally.Because of the potential for prescribed opiates to end up being sold or traded on the streets, stricter regulations have been put in lace for physicians to prescribe them (samara). Where they were once a little quicker to write a prescription for a schedule II narcotic, they are now telling patients to â€Å"take a Ethylene or Motoring† (Levied). These regulations have become a necessity in the war against opiate addiction. Deciding to enter into treatment for opiate addiction is one that requires much thought. Generally when one decides that it is time for them to enter treatment, they have hit rock bottom (Levied).However, rock bottom is different for every person. For some, treatment may be court ordered and they are in a situation where their form of retirement is being chosen for them. For some, they are on the verge of losing everything that is important to them, or they may have already lost it. Whatever the reason may be, getting the tr eatment needed is a life changing decision. The best form of treatment varies from person to person. For some, the idea of a rapid detect would be the best. It is a quick process that only requires a short stay of usually 2-4 days in a detect facility or a hospital (mayo clinic).In most cases, the person will be given medication to assist them in dealing with the side effects of withdrawing from opiates. During a rapid detect, patients are monitored around the clock for a period of time for signs life-threatening withdrawal symptoms such as cardiac distress and seizures (ASSAM). Those that choose a rapid detect can expect to be sedated to keep them as comfortable as possible during this time period. Prior to sedation, they are generally given Maltreatment, to block the effects of opiates. Other medications may also be given during this time as withdrawal symptoms increase.In many cases medication to help control blood pressure and seizures become necessary. Jukeboxes has become popu lar because it does not require one to report to a clinic lily, but rather are given a prescription to be filled at a pharmacy. Jukeboxes comes in two forms, a tablet and a film, both are administered subliminally (jukeboxes). Though there are regulations governing the prescribing of jukeboxes, they are not nearly as strict as those in place for methadone (FDA). In order for a physician to begin prescribing jukeboxes, they are required to complete online training that is very limited (Manson).For many, that is the only training they have in addiction. Methadone is a synthetic drug that acts in a similar way to narcotics. Methadone moms in the form off tablet, powder, or liquid. The tablet and powder form are dissolved prior to administering the medication. When methadone is taken on a regular schedule, it will build up in the tissues making the effects last longer (samara). Methadone will not provide the same effects of opiates such as sedation or euphoria; it will instead block the se effects if other opiates are used (Catatonia 8). A stable dose will vary from person to person.Generally once someone achieves a stable dose of methadone it will hold them for 24-48 hours without them feeling dope sick (Levied)† Medication-assisted treatment has proven to be the most successful form of treatment for someone wishing to become drug free. However, these forms of treatment face tough criticism. It has been said that treating opiate addiction with medication is simply trading one addiction with another. However for those dealing with the daily struggle of addiction, they depend on these forms of treatment to gain control of their lives.For those people, the daily routines, the counseling, the referrals, the support of others and the consequences is what gives them hope; the pop that they will beat this disease that plagues them (in my own words). Methadone Maintenance treatment is the one form of treatment available that offers all of those things and more. When properly used, I feel that methadone maintenance treatment is the safest and most effective way to treat opiate addiction. There are many reasons that I feel methadone maintenance is the safest form of treatment available to someone battling opiate addiction.Contrary to what some may think, or some of what has been reported, these facilities can have a life changing effect on those who are committed to the program (Methadone Maintenance Treatment Facts). These programs are not only a place for someone to come in, pick up a prescription and leave. Instead these programs require patients to report daily for their medication, at least until they are able to meet all requirements for take home privileges. While there, patients interact with office staff, nursing staff, and clinical staff on a daily basis.Patients are monitored for any changes in their appearance, attitude, alertness, and overall demeanor (Levied). This helps to ensure that if someone is having an issue that staff is th ere to offer assistance right away. For many that battle addiction, Just knowing someone is there to listen and offer as much assistance as possible is enough to get them headed on the right path (In My Own Words). The guidelines set by the federal and state governments are much stricter for methadone maintenance that those set for jukeboxes (samara).For instance, in jukeboxes clients walk into a clinic to sign up and within a matter of a couple of hours they are able to walk out with at the very least medication that should last them a week. When people struggling with addiction first make the choice to enter into a retirement program, they are scared, sick, and in many cases about to lose everything important to them (In My Own Words). These patients are still using illicit drugs daily, and are at this point willing to do whatever it takes to avoid being â€Å"dope sick. Jukeboxes often ends up being sold illegally on the streets because people that have been lying, cheating, and stealing for a long period of time are now given a large amount of medication to take home with them (Levied). Methadone maintenance has a lengthy set of requirements before one is able to obtain the privilege of taking home medication (Blanchard and Crappy). One must be in treatment for 90 days, and produce at least 3 illicit free urine drug screenings before earning the privilege of one dose of medication to take home.In order for someone to have a full week worth of medication to take home with them at one time as they do in jukeboxes treatment after one day, they must be enrolled in the program for a minimum of three years and produce at least 12 illicit free urine drug screenings (SMASH). That is Just one of many requirements for one to earn the privilege of taking home their medication. They also have to participate in regular counseling sessions. The amount of time required for each session varies from patient to patient depending on the amount of time they have been enrolle d in the program as well as their use of illicit substances.Patients are required to sign releases for every physician that they see so that care can be coordinated properly. It is very important that medication that physicians prescribing other medications are aware of the patient being on methadone. By the time patients in methadone maintenance are able to start taking home doses of their medication, they have started on the right path (Levied). They are on a stable dose that effectively holds hem without the use of opiates, and they like the freedom of not having to report to the clinic to be dosed for the day.These take home bottles that are so hard to obtain, are so easy to have revoked as well. If someone produces an illicit urine drug screening, or does not get their required amount of counseling time in for the month among other things, they will have to start earning their take home privileges all over again. Those that receive take home bottles are also subjected to  "call backs (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction. )† This is when the client is allied and given a short notice of when they will have to report to the clinic with all of their used and unused take home bottles.At this time, the bottles are thoroughly inspected to be sure that their medication is in fact being administered the correct way (SAMARA). Because of these guidelines being as strict as they are, less methadone is sold illegally in the streets making it a safer choice. Methadone is also the safest form of treatment for pregnant women who happen to be struggling with opiate addiction (Practical Approach). In fact, it is currently the only FDA approved medication for treating opiate addiction during pregnancy Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A review of Historical and Clinical Issues. When properly prescribed, methadone has proven to provide an environment that is less stressful on a developing fetus (Catatonia, 19). While a proper dose of methadone w ill help to prevent miscarriage and pre-mature labor, other forms of treatment seem to cause these issues. The use of maltreatment has been proven to cause spontaneous abortion, fetal distress, premature labor, and stillbirth Issues. ) Because methadone is a long acting medication, it is able to provide the fetus with an environment that promotes development.Though methadone during pregnancy is considered to be the safest of the options available, it comes with side effects (About Methadone). Babies born to mothers prescribed methadone are at risk for low birth weight. This is a very small risk to take when compared to risks faced with other forms of treatment such as jukeboxes or rapid detect. Some of those risks include fetal distress and miscarriage. During pregnancy, women are monitored very closely by the physician at the clinic and are also required to provide proof of prenatal care from an BOGGY (Levied).Studies have shown no long term effects on babies that are born to mothe rs prescribed methadone during their pregnancy. At birth, these babies will test positive for methadone in their systems, however are able to be weaned in a timely manner (Catatonia, 20). When compared to a rapid detoxification and jukeboxes, methadone maintenance is the safest choice. When a rapid detect lasting 2-4 days in most cases is completed, the patient is left without any aftercare other than what they obtain on their own. They are given a stack of paperwork that in most cases will contain a few referrals for mental health providers and a list of AN meetings.At this time, the patient may be wrought the worst part of the withdrawal process, but they are still unstable (ASSAM). These patients still need the support of clinical and medical personnel, but sadly many will not get that support. Those that do not will most likely find themselves in the same situation they were in previous to the rapid detect. Though patients in jukeboxes treatment have more of a clinical and medic al support than those choosing rapid detect, they still do not have the same support as those in methadone maintenance.Those Just starting out in treatment, whatever option they may choose, are at the lowest points in their lives. It is because of that I feel that they are in need of the most support that is available to them. To me, that support comes from a friendly smile when they walk into the clinic every day that reminds them that they are Just another Junkie, they are a person. They are a person that deserves to be monitored daily, given referrals for housing, food, clothing, medical care, and anything else that they could possibly need. For many addicts, the clinic is the safest place that they are in all day (In My Own Words).The goal of any form of treatment is to improve the patient's health as well as their laity of life (Marion). For many struggling with addiction, their health has come last while obtaining opiates in order to avoid feeling â€Å"dope sick† has c ome first. For many, this low point in their lives will lead them to participate in high risk behaviors. Those that find themselves addicted to opiates will often turn to theft or prostitution in order to fund their habit, while others will share needles used to administer drug such as heroin.These high risk behaviors not only put them at risk for many other infectious diseases such as Hepatitis and HIVE, but for legal troubles as well (Marion). Though the long term results of any treatment lays largely on the person in treatment, studies show methadone maintenance to be the most effective form available at this time (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addiction). Drug freedom is a long term commitment that has to first be taken seriously by the person in treatment. If the dedication on their part is not there, the efforts of clinic staff will not be enough to help them (Pogo).Research has shown that that rapid detect treatment has a high rate of relapse (Medication- Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction). Those that choose a rapid text as a form of treatment often have difficulty transitioning into a lifestyle of recovery. Often times, they are still living in the same places, with the same phone numbers, and associating with the same people making abstinence from opiates even harder to maintain (Mayo Clinic). For most choosing this form of treatment, it only takes one poor decision to be back in the same situation they were before.These poor decisions have devastating effects on their sobriety making this form of treatment the least effective of the three most well-known forms of medication assisted treatment. Psychosocial counseling has proven to be very beneficial to those dealing with addiction. Those enrolled in both Jukeboxes and Methadone Maintenance is required to participate in counseling. However for those that has chosen a rapid detect, this counseling is not a requirement. . Referrals are given to the patients upon discharge from the facili ty, but not everyone follows through with it .For some it is simply because they feel they do not need it, for some it is because they are unable to afford it (Mayo Clinic). Jukeboxes treatment does require some counseling though the guidelines for this is not nearly as strict as those set for ethanol maintenance. For those enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment program, there are strict rules for clients to obtain this counseling (Pogo). Clients enrolled in a methadone maintenance program are required by state and federal regulation to have a minimum of 2. 5 hours of counseling time per month (ASSAM).Clients will usually meet with their counselors once or twice each week to discuss progress in treatment as well as the goings on in their lives. By discussing issues that the client is dealing with, the counselors are able to teach them skills that will be useful to the client as they continue on the path to drug freedom. During this counseling, clients are taught many ways to recognize triggers that were once their excuse to use illicit substances so that they are able to refrain from using (Pogo). Counselors discuss in depth the things that seem to be holding the clients back from achieving their goal of drug freedom.By doing this, they are able to form treatment plans for the client. These treatment plans list goals as well as steps needed in order to achieve the goals. If needed, clients are given referrals during this time. When referrals are given to a client, the counselor will check in with the client to see if they ere able to get the assistance they were in need of (Pogo). The fact that the counselors take the time to follow-up on things discussed during these sessions hold the client accountable for their treatment. Because they are held accountable, I feel that it helps to make methadone maintenance a more effective form of treatment.The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is to stabilize the patient. A stable dose of methadone with effect ively block the craving for one to use illicitly while avoiding withdrawal symptoms which in turn permits one to function â€Å"normally. † When taken properly, methadone will not create sedation or euphoria. It should have no adverse effects on mental capacity, motor skills, or the ability for one to maintain employment. A stable dose of methadone will hold a person for 24-48 hours which will allow them the time and energy to devote to making improvements in their lives.However, methadone maintenance treatment is a long term commitment. It can take up to a month to achieve a stable dose in order for a patient to get the most benefits out of treatment. A stable dose of methadone varies from person to person (Levied). There are many factors that will affect the dose that one would require to become stable. For many, the tolerance that they have built up over years of illicit use will require them to have a much higher dose of methadone in order to remain stable.For others, hea lth factors and other medications will affect the way their body is able to metabolize the methadone requiring them to have a higher or lower dose. Once a stable dose is achieved, one is usually able to begin the process of getting their lives back on track by dealing legal obligations, following up on medical care that has been pushed to the side, and mending broken relationships with family members (Pogo). The longer one remains committed to treatment; they will have a greater success rate for maintaining their goal of drug freedom.It is recommended that one remain in a methadone maintenance program for a minimum of one year. For many, once they achieve a stable dose and they are able to provide illicit free urine drug screenings, they feel that they will be able to effectively remain drug free on their own. In these cases, the rate of relapse is much higher than those who remain committed to the program for a year or in many cases longer (Methadone Is an Effective Treatment for H eroin Addiction). Those who remain in treatment for at least year are nearly three times as likely to remain drug free than those who are only in treatment for a short period of time.In a methadone maintenance program, the patient along with the influence of clinical and medical staff decide when they have reached a point in their treatment that they are ready to begin decreasing their dose in order to discharge from the treatment program. There is no set time frame to this process. When one decides they are ready to begin decreasing, they have generally been on a stable dose for an extended period of time and have shown that they are able to effectively manage heir new abstinent lifestyle.Patients that decrease their doses slowly have proven to have the most success in remaining drug free. The slow taper allows their bodies time to adjust to the change in medication so that they are able to refrain from having withdrawal symptoms. These withdrawal symptoms are what will push a pers on into illicit opiate use again. Once a decrease in a person's methadone dose is taken, they are encouraged to remain at that lower dose for a period of at least 2-4 weeks.During this time, the clinical and medical staff is able to monitor the patient o ensure that they are handling the decrease in medication with no adverse effects. This process for tapering will continue until the patient has reached a dose of OMG when they will be able to â€Å"walk off' from the treatment. After the patient has been able to discontinue the use of methadone, they will still receive after care. Clinical staff will make phone calls to check in on the patient and offer them resources that will assist them in remaining drug free.Methadone and Jukeboxes clinics face tough criticism from many. People living in communities where these clinics are located are often unpleased with having a clinic n their neighborhood. Many feel that it will bring drug addicts and crime into their otherwise peaceful neig hborhoods (Swisher). What they fail to realize is that these addicts are a part of their communities regardless of if they are enrolled in a treatment facility or not (In My Own Words). It is a common misconception that it is very easy to â€Å"pick out† an addict (Mayo Clinic).However, that could not be more untrue. There are people everywhere that struggle daily with addiction. Some of these are doctors, lawyers, teachers, actors and actresses, and professional sports figures to name a few (Mayo Clinic). These are people that are clean, well dressed, well groomed and well spoken. Not every addict lacks personal hygiene and an education. There are certain risk factors that may be a factor in opiate addiction. For many who suffer from addiction, the environment that they are in plays a large role in them remaining dependent on illicit substances.There are also inherited traits that will influence one's addiction. Those that have immediate family that suffers with addiction ar e at a higher risk of also having addiction issues themselves. Research has also shown that males are nearly twice as likely to have addiction problems as males (Mayo Clinic). Methadone was approved by the FDA in 1972 for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone is considered to be the most effective treatment available to those addicted to opiates (Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues).It is estimated that upwards of 170,000 individuals in the United States currently are enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. It has been proven that illicit drug use has decline by over 60% for those that have been enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for a year. For those that main committed to the program for at least two years, the use of illicit opiates declines by nearly 85% (Accreditation Of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care. ) Furthermore, crimes committed by these individuals are also significantly reduced. After lengthy research, I am confident is saying that methadone maintenance treatment is not only the safest method of medication assisted treatment available to those battling opiate addiction, but it is also the most effective Accreditation of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care). The regulations overriding methadone maintenance are much stricter than those for other forms of treatment. Methadone maintenance is the only form of medication assisted treatment that is approved by the FDA for pregnant women.It also remains the form of treatment that has the most thorough requirements for admission, and for supplemental and after care. As with any form of treatment, there are pros and cons, however it has been proven that for someone struggling with this disease that the pros far outweigh the cons. This form of medication has assisted thousands of people in getting their lives back. It has made it possible for patients to function successfully in society. These pe ople will be able to maintain employment and be productive. The counseling that they receive will help them to recognize triggers and effectively avoid them. Methadone Maintenance Opiate addiction is a chronic disease that affects millions of people in the Unites States. This deadly epidemic is one that in most cases requires some form of medical treatment. There are many treatment options available to those struggling with addiction. The three most well-known options are rapid detect, jukeboxes, and methadone maintenance (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction Facts for Families and Friends).Though each form of treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages, they all have one common goal; drug freedom. Research has shown that those receiving treatment are nearly twice as likely to achieve their goal of drug freedom (Mayo Clinic). Opiates are highly addictive powerful drugs that are derived from the poppy plant and are generally used to relieve pain (mayo clinic). There are two types of opiates, natural and man-made. Though both are prescribed by physicians with the exception of heroin, often times when dealing with someone that has become addic ted they are obtained illegally.Because of the potential for prescribed opiates to end up being sold or traded on the streets, stricter regulations have been put in lace for physicians to prescribe them (samara). Where they were once a little quicker to write a prescription for a schedule II narcotic, they are now telling patients to â€Å"take a Ethylene or Motoring† (Levied). These regulations have become a necessity in the war against opiate addiction. Deciding to enter into treatment for opiate addiction is one that requires much thought. Generally when one decides that it is time for them to enter treatment, they have hit rock bottom (Levied).However, rock bottom is different for every person. For some, treatment may be court ordered and they are in a situation where their form of retirement is being chosen for them. For some, they are on the verge of losing everything that is important to them, or they may have already lost it. Whatever the reason may be, getting the tr eatment needed is a life changing decision. The best form of treatment varies from person to person. For some, the idea of a rapid detect would be the best. It is a quick process that only requires a short stay of usually 2-4 days in a detect facility or a hospital (mayo clinic).In most cases, the person will be given medication to assist them in dealing with the side effects of withdrawing from opiates. During a rapid detect, patients are monitored around the clock for a period of time for signs life-threatening withdrawal symptoms such as cardiac distress and seizures (ASSAM). Those that choose a rapid detect can expect to be sedated to keep them as comfortable as possible during this time period. Prior to sedation, they are generally given Maltreatment, to block the effects of opiates. Other medications may also be given during this time as withdrawal symptoms increase.In many cases medication to help control blood pressure and seizures become necessary. Jukeboxes has become popu lar because it does not require one to report to a clinic lily, but rather are given a prescription to be filled at a pharmacy. Jukeboxes comes in two forms, a tablet and a film, both are administered subliminally (jukeboxes). Though there are regulations governing the prescribing of jukeboxes, they are not nearly as strict as those in place for methadone (FDA). In order for a physician to begin prescribing jukeboxes, they are required to complete online training that is very limited (Manson).For many, that is the only training they have in addiction. Methadone is a synthetic drug that acts in a similar way to narcotics. Methadone moms in the form off tablet, powder, or liquid. The tablet and powder form are dissolved prior to administering the medication. When methadone is taken on a regular schedule, it will build up in the tissues making the effects last longer (samara). Methadone will not provide the same effects of opiates such as sedation or euphoria; it will instead block the se effects if other opiates are used (Catatonia 8). A stable dose will vary from person to person.Generally once someone achieves a stable dose of methadone it will hold them for 24-48 hours without them feeling dope sick (Levied)† Medication-assisted treatment has proven to be the most successful form of treatment for someone wishing to become drug free. However, these forms of treatment face tough criticism. It has been said that treating opiate addiction with medication is simply trading one addiction with another. However for those dealing with the daily struggle of addiction, they depend on these forms of treatment to gain control of their lives.For those people, the daily routines, the counseling, the referrals, the support of others and the consequences is what gives them hope; the pop that they will beat this disease that plagues them (in my own words). Methadone Maintenance treatment is the one form of treatment available that offers all of those things and more. When properly used, I feel that methadone maintenance treatment is the safest and most effective way to treat opiate addiction. There are many reasons that I feel methadone maintenance is the safest form of treatment available to someone battling opiate addiction.Contrary to what some may think, or some of what has been reported, these facilities can have a life changing effect on those who are committed to the program (Methadone Maintenance Treatment Facts). These programs are not only a place for someone to come in, pick up a prescription and leave. Instead these programs require patients to report daily for their medication, at least until they are able to meet all requirements for take home privileges. While there, patients interact with office staff, nursing staff, and clinical staff on a daily basis.Patients are monitored for any changes in their appearance, attitude, alertness, and overall demeanor (Levied). This helps to ensure that if someone is having an issue that staff is th ere to offer assistance right away. For many that battle addiction, Just knowing someone is there to listen and offer as much assistance as possible is enough to get them headed on the right path (In My Own Words). The guidelines set by the federal and state governments are much stricter for methadone maintenance that those set for jukeboxes (samara).For instance, in jukeboxes clients walk into a clinic to sign up and within a matter of a couple of hours they are able to walk out with at the very least medication that should last them a week. When people struggling with addiction first make the choice to enter into a retirement program, they are scared, sick, and in many cases about to lose everything important to them (In My Own Words). These patients are still using illicit drugs daily, and are at this point willing to do whatever it takes to avoid being â€Å"dope sick. Jukeboxes often ends up being sold illegally on the streets because people that have been lying, cheating, and stealing for a long period of time are now given a large amount of medication to take home with them (Levied). Methadone maintenance has a lengthy set of requirements before one is able to obtain the privilege of taking home medication (Blanchard and Crappy). One must be in treatment for 90 days, and produce at least 3 illicit free urine drug screenings before earning the privilege of one dose of medication to take home.In order for someone to have a full week worth of medication to take home with them at one time as they do in jukeboxes treatment after one day, they must be enrolled in the program for a minimum of three years and produce at least 12 illicit free urine drug screenings (SMASH). That is Just one of many requirements for one to earn the privilege of taking home their medication. They also have to participate in regular counseling sessions. The amount of time required for each session varies from patient to patient depending on the amount of time they have been enrolle d in the program as well as their use of illicit substances.Patients are required to sign releases for every physician that they see so that care can be coordinated properly. It is very important that medication that physicians prescribing other medications are aware of the patient being on methadone. By the time patients in methadone maintenance are able to start taking home doses of their medication, they have started on the right path (Levied). They are on a stable dose that effectively holds hem without the use of opiates, and they like the freedom of not having to report to the clinic to be dosed for the day.These take home bottles that are so hard to obtain, are so easy to have revoked as well. If someone produces an illicit urine drug screening, or does not get their required amount of counseling time in for the month among other things, they will have to start earning their take home privileges all over again. Those that receive take home bottles are also subjected to  "call backs (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction. )† This is when the client is allied and given a short notice of when they will have to report to the clinic with all of their used and unused take home bottles.At this time, the bottles are thoroughly inspected to be sure that their medication is in fact being administered the correct way (SAMARA). Because of these guidelines being as strict as they are, less methadone is sold illegally in the streets making it a safer choice. Methadone is also the safest form of treatment for pregnant women who happen to be struggling with opiate addiction (Practical Approach). In fact, it is currently the only FDA approved medication for treating opiate addiction during pregnancy Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A review of Historical and Clinical Issues. When properly prescribed, methadone has proven to provide an environment that is less stressful on a developing fetus (Catatonia, 19). While a proper dose of methadone w ill help to prevent miscarriage and pre-mature labor, other forms of treatment seem to cause these issues. The use of maltreatment has been proven to cause spontaneous abortion, fetal distress, premature labor, and stillbirth Issues. ) Because methadone is a long acting medication, it is able to provide the fetus with an environment that promotes development.Though methadone during pregnancy is considered to be the safest of the options available, it comes with side effects (About Methadone). Babies born to mothers prescribed methadone are at risk for low birth weight. This is a very small risk to take when compared to risks faced with other forms of treatment such as jukeboxes or rapid detect. Some of those risks include fetal distress and miscarriage. During pregnancy, women are monitored very closely by the physician at the clinic and are also required to provide proof of prenatal care from an BOGGY (Levied).Studies have shown no long term effects on babies that are born to mothe rs prescribed methadone during their pregnancy. At birth, these babies will test positive for methadone in their systems, however are able to be weaned in a timely manner (Catatonia, 20). When compared to a rapid detoxification and jukeboxes, methadone maintenance is the safest choice. When a rapid detect lasting 2-4 days in most cases is completed, the patient is left without any aftercare other than what they obtain on their own. They are given a stack of paperwork that in most cases will contain a few referrals for mental health providers and a list of AN meetings.At this time, the patient may be wrought the worst part of the withdrawal process, but they are still unstable (ASSAM). These patients still need the support of clinical and medical personnel, but sadly many will not get that support. Those that do not will most likely find themselves in the same situation they were in previous to the rapid detect. Though patients in jukeboxes treatment have more of a clinical and medic al support than those choosing rapid detect, they still do not have the same support as those in methadone maintenance.Those Just starting out in treatment, whatever option they may choose, are at the lowest points in their lives. It is because of that I feel that they are in need of the most support that is available to them. To me, that support comes from a friendly smile when they walk into the clinic every day that reminds them that they are Just another Junkie, they are a person. They are a person that deserves to be monitored daily, given referrals for housing, food, clothing, medical care, and anything else that they could possibly need. For many addicts, the clinic is the safest place that they are in all day (In My Own Words).The goal of any form of treatment is to improve the patient's health as well as their laity of life (Marion). For many struggling with addiction, their health has come last while obtaining opiates in order to avoid feeling â€Å"dope sick† has c ome first. For many, this low point in their lives will lead them to participate in high risk behaviors. Those that find themselves addicted to opiates will often turn to theft or prostitution in order to fund their habit, while others will share needles used to administer drug such as heroin.These high risk behaviors not only put them at risk for many other infectious diseases such as Hepatitis and HIVE, but for legal troubles as well (Marion). Though the long term results of any treatment lays largely on the person in treatment, studies show methadone maintenance to be the most effective form available at this time (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addiction). Drug freedom is a long term commitment that has to first be taken seriously by the person in treatment. If the dedication on their part is not there, the efforts of clinic staff will not be enough to help them (Pogo).Research has shown that that rapid detect treatment has a high rate of relapse (Medication- Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction). Those that choose a rapid text as a form of treatment often have difficulty transitioning into a lifestyle of recovery. Often times, they are still living in the same places, with the same phone numbers, and associating with the same people making abstinence from opiates even harder to maintain (Mayo Clinic). For most choosing this form of treatment, it only takes one poor decision to be back in the same situation they were before.These poor decisions have devastating effects on their sobriety making this form of treatment the least effective of the three most well-known forms of medication assisted treatment. Psychosocial counseling has proven to be very beneficial to those dealing with addiction. Those enrolled in both Jukeboxes and Methadone Maintenance is required to participate in counseling. However for those that has chosen a rapid detect, this counseling is not a requirement. . Referrals are given to the patients upon discharge from the facili ty, but not everyone follows through with it .For some it is simply because they feel they do not need it, for some it is because they are unable to afford it (Mayo Clinic). Jukeboxes treatment does require some counseling though the guidelines for this is not nearly as strict as those set for ethanol maintenance. For those enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment program, there are strict rules for clients to obtain this counseling (Pogo). Clients enrolled in a methadone maintenance program are required by state and federal regulation to have a minimum of 2. 5 hours of counseling time per month (ASSAM).Clients will usually meet with their counselors once or twice each week to discuss progress in treatment as well as the goings on in their lives. By discussing issues that the client is dealing with, the counselors are able to teach them skills that will be useful to the client as they continue on the path to drug freedom. During this counseling, clients are taught many ways to recognize triggers that were once their excuse to use illicit substances so that they are able to refrain from using (Pogo). Counselors discuss in depth the things that seem to be holding the clients back from achieving their goal of drug freedom.By doing this, they are able to form treatment plans for the client. These treatment plans list goals as well as steps needed in order to achieve the goals. If needed, clients are given referrals during this time. When referrals are given to a client, the counselor will check in with the client to see if they ere able to get the assistance they were in need of (Pogo). The fact that the counselors take the time to follow-up on things discussed during these sessions hold the client accountable for their treatment. Because they are held accountable, I feel that it helps to make methadone maintenance a more effective form of treatment.The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is to stabilize the patient. A stable dose of methadone with effect ively block the craving for one to use illicitly while avoiding withdrawal symptoms which in turn permits one to function â€Å"normally. † When taken properly, methadone will not create sedation or euphoria. It should have no adverse effects on mental capacity, motor skills, or the ability for one to maintain employment. A stable dose of methadone will hold a person for 24-48 hours which will allow them the time and energy to devote to making improvements in their lives.However, methadone maintenance treatment is a long term commitment. It can take up to a month to achieve a stable dose in order for a patient to get the most benefits out of treatment. A stable dose of methadone varies from person to person (Levied). There are many factors that will affect the dose that one would require to become stable. For many, the tolerance that they have built up over years of illicit use will require them to have a much higher dose of methadone in order to remain stable.For others, hea lth factors and other medications will affect the way their body is able to metabolize the methadone requiring them to have a higher or lower dose. Once a stable dose is achieved, one is usually able to begin the process of getting their lives back on track by dealing legal obligations, following up on medical care that has been pushed to the side, and mending broken relationships with family members (Pogo). The longer one remains committed to treatment; they will have a greater success rate for maintaining their goal of drug freedom.It is recommended that one remain in a methadone maintenance program for a minimum of one year. For many, once they achieve a stable dose and they are able to provide illicit free urine drug screenings, they feel that they will be able to effectively remain drug free on their own. In these cases, the rate of relapse is much higher than those who remain committed to the program for a year or in many cases longer (Methadone Is an Effective Treatment for H eroin Addiction). Those who remain in treatment for at least year are nearly three times as likely to remain drug free than those who are only in treatment for a short period of time.In a methadone maintenance program, the patient along with the influence of clinical and medical staff decide when they have reached a point in their treatment that they are ready to begin decreasing their dose in order to discharge from the treatment program. There is no set time frame to this process. When one decides they are ready to begin decreasing, they have generally been on a stable dose for an extended period of time and have shown that they are able to effectively manage heir new abstinent lifestyle.Patients that decrease their doses slowly have proven to have the most success in remaining drug free. The slow taper allows their bodies time to adjust to the change in medication so that they are able to refrain from having withdrawal symptoms. These withdrawal symptoms are what will push a pers on into illicit opiate use again. Once a decrease in a person's methadone dose is taken, they are encouraged to remain at that lower dose for a period of at least 2-4 weeks.During this time, the clinical and medical staff is able to monitor the patient o ensure that they are handling the decrease in medication with no adverse effects. This process for tapering will continue until the patient has reached a dose of OMG when they will be able to â€Å"walk off' from the treatment. After the patient has been able to discontinue the use of methadone, they will still receive after care. Clinical staff will make phone calls to check in on the patient and offer them resources that will assist them in remaining drug free.Methadone and Jukeboxes clinics face tough criticism from many. People living in communities where these clinics are located are often unpleased with having a clinic n their neighborhood. Many feel that it will bring drug addicts and crime into their otherwise peaceful neig hborhoods (Swisher). What they fail to realize is that these addicts are a part of their communities regardless of if they are enrolled in a treatment facility or not (In My Own Words). It is a common misconception that it is very easy to â€Å"pick out† an addict (Mayo Clinic).However, that could not be more untrue. There are people everywhere that struggle daily with addiction. Some of these are doctors, lawyers, teachers, actors and actresses, and professional sports figures to name a few (Mayo Clinic). These are people that are clean, well dressed, well groomed and well spoken. Not every addict lacks personal hygiene and an education. There are certain risk factors that may be a factor in opiate addiction. For many who suffer from addiction, the environment that they are in plays a large role in them remaining dependent on illicit substances.There are also inherited traits that will influence one's addiction. Those that have immediate family that suffers with addiction ar e at a higher risk of also having addiction issues themselves. Research has also shown that males are nearly twice as likely to have addiction problems as males (Mayo Clinic). Methadone was approved by the FDA in 1972 for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone is considered to be the most effective treatment available to those addicted to opiates (Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues).It is estimated that upwards of 170,000 individuals in the United States currently are enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. It has been proven that illicit drug use has decline by over 60% for those that have been enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for a year. For those that main committed to the program for at least two years, the use of illicit opiates declines by nearly 85% (Accreditation Of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care. ) Furthermore, crimes committed by these individuals are also significantly reduced. After lengthy research, I am confident is saying that methadone maintenance treatment is not only the safest method of medication assisted treatment available to those battling opiate addiction, but it is also the most effective Accreditation of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care). The regulations overriding methadone maintenance are much stricter than those for other forms of treatment. Methadone maintenance is the only form of medication assisted treatment that is approved by the FDA for pregnant women.It also remains the form of treatment that has the most thorough requirements for admission, and for supplemental and after care. As with any form of treatment, there are pros and cons, however it has been proven that for someone struggling with this disease that the pros far outweigh the cons. This form of medication has assisted thousands of people in getting their lives back. It has made it possible for patients to function successfully in society. These pe ople will be able to maintain employment and be productive. The counseling that they receive will help them to recognize triggers and effectively avoid them.

Macroeconomics Principles For A Changing World - 1001 Words

In reviewing the textbook, Macroeconomics: Principles for a Changing World, one topic of interest was Chapter 2, Production, Economic Growth, and Trade. There were numerous articles relating to the assigned reading and class instructions. Three of these articles are summarized below, then linked to the class material. The chosen articles are UK economy suffers slashed growth outlooks and lacklustre trade data by Josie Cox and Ben Chu, For Dignity and Development, East Africa Curbs Used Clothes Imports by Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, and Thai growth revised upwards to 3.9 per cent. All of these sources focus on the aspects of economic growth and trade. The first article talks about how the United Kingdoms future of economic growth†¦show more content†¦Two nations that trade with each other can both benefit, but the trade should have few, if any, inhibitions. The second article discusses how the eastern part of Africa is attempting to stop buying foreign clothing. It is not going well, as imports are a main source of goods for many Africans. However, many also believe that imported clothes inhibit not only business for local industries, but the peoples dignity as well. In addition, people in the region are trying to export final goods, not just the resources for making them, and they believe that the United States is acting like a bully because of it. For countries with relatively low amounts of natural resources, the building of local businesses is necessary to aid development. Last year, East African countries tried raising tariffs on foreign outfits, but they paid the price for it. The United States, believing that trading with certain countries would not benefit them, threatened to remove a majority of the nations which were a part of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. This act was intended to help trade, and the United States wan ted to prevent people from losing jobs and grant free access to small markets. 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