The Conflict Between Obedience And Personal Conscience

A psychologist at Yale University, Stanley Milgram, carried out a study in 1961 focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. The experiment was conducted shortly after the World War II, Nuremburg War Criminal trials, in which the accused had used the defense that they were merely following orders from their superiors. Milgram’s experiment was designed to answer the question: â€Å"Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?† Stanley Milgram’s experiment was pretty straightforward and simple. He put an advertisement in the newspaper for males to participate in his experiment and they would be paid $4.50. The study was to be conducted at Yale University. The participant was paired up with another person (one of Milgram’s confederates). The pair would then draw to see who would be the â€Å"learner† and who would be the â €Å"teacher†. It was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher and Milgram’s confederate was the learner (pretending to be a participant). The learner was taken to a separate room in which his arm were attached to electrodes that were hooked up to an electrical generator in the teacher’s room. On the generator were 30 switches that ranged from 15 volts (minor shock) to 450 volts (potentially lethal). The teacher would ask the learner questions that the learner was to answer. The teacher was instructed to give the learner aShow MoreRelatedExplain The Conflict Between Obedience To Authority And Personal Conscience1714 Words   |  7 PagesObedience to authority is a strong matter but also a complicated one. When someone tells us, what do and when we do it, we are being obedient to the person who told us to do it. We as people have a problem with listening to others just because of their hierarchy or structural form. But we need to realize that ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s not always best for us to listen, because not everyone is right when they speak their ideas. But then it’s also bad for people not to listen as well cause this itself can cause problemsRead MoreErich Fromm s Disobedience As A Psychological And Moral Problem891 Words   |  4 PagesErich Fromm wrote Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, in 1963, an essay detailing balance between obedience and disobedience. Fromm cited that authority figures insisted obedience as a virtue and disobedience as a vice. He argued that disobedience began human history itself and necessary to continue it. Fromm first discussed a Biblical example: the story of Adam and Eve. Humans were in harmony with nature, yet still in their infancy. Prophets argued it is through man’s â€Å"sin† canRead MoreThe Causes Of Obedience From Research By Milgram ( 1974 ) And His Contemporaries1360 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe and explain what we can learn about the causes of Obedience from research by Milgram (1974) and his Contemporaries. Stanley Milgram was a Psychologist at Yale. Obedience is an essential part in the format of humanity, and it’s destructiveness has been investigated throughout time. Stanley Milgram organized a research to test the destructiveness of obedience however, Milgram wanted to investigate why ordinary people are keen to obey an authority figure and commit evil deeds even when itRead MoreDisobedience Vs Obedience1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn society, obedience to authority is ingrained in humanity from an early age, causing some individuals to blindly obey orders without contemplating the credibility of the source. In psychoanalyst Erich Fromm’s article â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem,† he explains that throughout human history obedience has been associated with virtue and disobedience with sin (Fromm 127). Fromm suggests that our conscience is an internalized voice of authority (126). Fromm claims individuals needRead MoreObedience Is The Psycho logical Mechanism That Links Individual Action1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose.† (Milgram, 1963). As a Psychologist at Yale University, Milgram proposed an experiment mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the 1960’s, Stanley Milgram analyzed justifications for genocide acts by those accused during World War II. The Nuremberg War Criminal trials, States the people were thought of them as simply following orders from their higher ranksRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Pressure1561 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs and innate senses. In â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† by Solomon Asch, and â€Å"Perils of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram, the two psychologists conduct a series of experiments to observe how the influence of social pressure leads to conformity and obedience to authority. Both experiments demonstrate the adver se effects of social pressure, for conformity involves a sacrifice of self-interests, while blind obedience to authority results in the harm of others. According to the results of the experimentsRead MoreThe Sense Of Protection By Stanley Milgram Mentions1592 Words   |  7 Pagesof punishment from an authority. This forceful thought makes one to follow with no self- conscience, soon they will lose confidence. As Stanley Milgram mentions, â€Å"Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to,† (144). By shown in contempt society, people are prone to obey to a certain authority due to the fear of punishment and being in solitary. This type of obedience eventually will lead one to lose confidence, go against their own morals, and become irrationalRead MoreBlindly Obeying Authority Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pagessuppressed to an extent that the other person is harmed. Obedience usually involves doing what a rule or a person tells you to but negative consequences can result from displaying obedience to authority for example; the people who obeyed the orders of Adolph Hitler ended up killing innocent people during the Holocaust. In the same way, Stanley Milgram noted in his article ‘Perils of Obedience’ of how individuals obeyed authority and neglected their conscience reflecting how this can be destructive in experiencesRead More Oskar Schindlers Actions During the Holocaust Essay examples1534 Words   |  7 PagesSecond World War, the main target of this designed massacre being the Jews. Approximately 6 million Jews became the victims of this fanatical racism, slaughter, and cruelty. However, in all this madness, there were still a few people with sound conscience and courage to act against these atrocities. The most famous of these heroes would be Oskar Schindler, the once opportunistic businessman who, later, spent every last of his pennies to save his 1200 Schindler Jews. People often deliberate on wh yRead Moreâ€Å"In 1961, Stanley Milgram, A Psychologist At Yale University,872 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined the justifications for acts of genocide given by those accused at the World War II Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on obedience,† and that they were just following orders from their superiors. The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew straws to find out who would

Received Pronunciation Historical Background and Application

ARTSAKH STATE UNIVERSITY English Language Department A Thesis to Acquire Master’s Degree Received Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application Performer: Hamest Mkrtchyan Superviser: Narine Hairiyan Stepanakert 2010 Contents Introduction Chapter I. The Evolution of Received Pronunciation 1.1 Spread of English 1.2 The origin of RP and its definitions Chapter II RP and Non–RP: similarities and difference 2.1 Changes in the standard 2.2 Regional Non–RP accents 2.3 The American variant of English Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The term â€Å"Received Pronunciation† (RP) has in the course of this century come to designate-at least among linguists and EFL†¦show more content†¦A great importance is also given to a new kind of generic southern accent: Estuary English, which admits people to the inner circle and acts as a â€Å"class barrier†. It’s interesting to note that Margaret Thatcher adopted RP to appear more educated, power, and authoritative to the electorate, while Tony Blair has swapped RP for Estuary English in an attempt to identify more closely with the people he represents. British phoneticians A.C Gimson (1964), A. C. Hughes (1997), estimate that nowadays RP is not homogenous. A.C. Gimson suggests generally distinguish between three different forms of RP: conservative, general, and advanced. The second chapter deals with changes in the standard: both diachronic and synchronic. We study non – RP accents of England, American variant of English and their difference from and relationship to RP. We explore some remarkable similarities between phonological data collected by L. Mugglestone (2003), A. D. Shweitzer (1195). As for American variant we must say that it has been very thoroughly described by many prominent scholars both in the UK and in the USA. In this research work, however, we try to follow the conception introduced by A.D. Shweitzer (1195) in his sociolinguistic approach to the treatment of contemporary speech situation in America. American English has drifted considerably from English though as yet not enough to give us ground toShow MoreRelatedComparative Lexicology8448 Words   |  34 PagesRussian, krasnyj, the word for red, has very good connotations. The Russian word for beautiful is prekrasnyj, which contains within it the word for red. 24. Semantic change There are many causes of semantic change: 1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change in the course of time, the words also change. Ex.: â€Å"car† which goes back to Latin â€Å"carfus† which meant a four wheeled (vehicle) wagon, despite of the lack of resemblanceRead MoreSanskrit6594 Words   |  27 PagesSanskrit à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ¸Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¥Æ'à ¤ ¤Ã  ¤ ®Ã  ¥  saá ¹Æ'ská ¹â€ºtam Pronunciation [sÉ™ÌÆ'skÉ ¹ÃŒ ©tÃŒ ªÃ‰â„¢m] Spoken in Greater India Total speakers 14,135 native speakers in India (2001)[1] Language family Indo-European * Indo-Iranian o Indo-Aryan + Sanskrit Writing system DevanÄ garÄ « (de facto), various BrÄ hmÄ «Ã¢â‚¬â€œbased scripts, and Latin alphabet Official status Official language in India (Uttarakhand) one of the 22 scheduled languages of India Regulated by No official regulation Language codes Read MoreSLA Lg teaching methods approaches7312 Words   |  30 Pagestheir time teaching practical language classes, and that many of them come to the task from an academic research background, often involving a topic in the fields of literacy, cultural, historical or area studies, it is surprising and a little worrying that departments are not doing more to prepare staff for a substantial part of their academic role. Bearing in mind the typical background and profile of senior academic linguist, it would be unreasonable to expect most language departments to mountRead MoreTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science13428 Words   |  54 Pagescan explain common spelling patterns that correspond to pronunciation and word meaning, such as why we double the consonant letters in words like misspell, dinner, and accommodate. A deeper, explicit level of knowledge may not be necessary to read the words, but it is necessary to explain pronunciation and spelling, where the words cam e from, and how spelling is related to meaning.12 Some children learn language concepts and their application very easily in spite of incidental teaching, but othersRead MoreEssay about Uop Library Manual7804 Words   |  32 PagesHoover’s First Research, IBISWorld, Leadership Library on the Internet, MarketLine Business Information Center, Mergent BondViewer, Mergent Online, Mergent’s Investordge, Morningsta, Plunkett Research Online, ProQuest Accounting and Tax, ProQuest Historical Annual Reports, ProQuest Snapshot Series 6) Country Profiles and Economic Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14-17 Balance of Payments Statistics, CountryWatch, Culturegrams, Direction of Trade Statistics, EIU Country Data, EIU Country IntelligenceRead MoreAdult Esl Student Motivation for Participation in Advanced Language Learning6822 Words   |  28 Pageseducation and educational psychology scholarship that could further the research of second language attainment by adults. The literature review below begins with an overview of relevant works in education and psychology scholarship to provide a general background on the student motivation phenomenon. In its second part, the review focuses on motivation research in linguistics, specifically the studies related to second language attainment. Review of the Literature Adult Learning from s Social CognitiveRead MoreContrastive Lexicology7808 Words   |  32 Pagessynonyms for them. Dictionaries are prepared to serve different practical needs of the people. A reader looks at the dictionary mainly from the following points of view: (1) as a reference book for different types of information on words e.g. pronunciation, etymology, usage etc. this may be called the store house function of the dictionary. (2) as a reference point for distinguishing the good or proper usage from the bad or wrong usage. 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None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the ï ¬ rst Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It 100092 01 015-040Read MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesmisapprehension. Compare, too, air and heir, hair and hare. Words equivocal in spelling but not in pronunciation are a tear-(drop) and a tear, or rent, in cloth; lead, the metal, and the lead given by a person. We might add here such combinations as French teacher, which is stressed differently according to whether the person teaches, or is, French. Much more important are the words equivocal in both spelling and pronunciation (Beard H.,1992,p.34). These in their turn may be divided into three groups according

Luncheon Analysis Free Essays

string(49) " then walked up to Mayfair for my luncheon date\." â€Å"The Luncheon† Jeffrey Archer She waved at me across a crowded room at the St. Regis Hotel in New York. I waved back, realizing I knew the face but unable to place it. We will write a custom essay sample on Luncheon Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now She squeezed past waiters and guests and had reached me before I had the chance to ask anyone who she was. I racked that section of my brain that is meant to store people, but it transmitted no reply. I realized I would have to resort to the old party trick of carefully worded questions until her answers jogged my memory. â€Å"How are you, darling? she cried, and threw her arms around me, an opening that didn’t help, since we were at a Literary Guild cocktail party, and anyone will throw their arms around you on such occasions, even the directors of the Book-of-the-Month Club. From her accent she was clearly American, and she looked to be approaching forty but thanks to the genius of modern make-up may even have overtaken it. She wore a long white cocktail dress and her blonde hair was done up in one of those buns that looks like a brioche. The overall effect made her appear somewhat like a chess queen. Not that the cottage loaf helped, because she might have had dark hair flowing to her shoulders when we last met. I do wish women would realize that when they change their hairstyle they often achieve exactly what they set out to do: look completely different to any unsuspecting male. â€Å"I’m well, thank you,† I said to the white queen. â€Å"And you? † I inquired as my opening gambit. â€Å"I’m just fine, darling,† she replied, taking a glass of champagne from a passing waiter. â€Å"And how’s the family,† I asked, not sure if she even had one. â€Å"They’re all well,† she replied. No help there. â€Å"And how is Louise? † she inquired. â€Å"Blooming,† I said. So she knew my wife. But then, not necessarily, I thought. Most American women are experts at remembering men’s wives. They have to be, when on the New York circuit they change so often it becomes a greater challenge than the Times crossword. â€Å"Have you been to London lately? † I roared above the babble. A brave question, as she may never have been to Europe. â€Å"Only once since we had lunch together. † She looked at me quizzically. â€Å"You don’t remember who I am, do you? she asked as she devoured a cocktail sausage. I smiled. â€Å"Don’t be silly, Susan,† I said. â€Å"How could I ever forget? † She smiled. I confess that I remembered the white queen’s name in the nick of time. Although I still only had vague recollections of the lady, I certainly would never forget the lunch. I had just had my first book published, and the critics on both sides of the Atlantic had been complimentary, even if the checks from my publishers were less so. My agent had told me on several occasions that I shouldn’t write if I wanted to make money. This created a dilemma, because I couldn’t see how to make money if I didn’t write. It was around this time that the lady who was now facing me and chattering on, oblivious to my silence, telephoned from New York to heap lavish praise on my novel. There is no writer who does enjoy receiving such calls, although I confess to having been less captivated by an eleven-year-old girl who called me collect from California to say she had found a spelling mistake on page 47 and warned that she would call again if she found another. However, this particular lady might have ended her transatlantic congratulations with nothing more than good-bye if she had not dropped her own name. It was one of those names that can, on the spur of the moment, always book a table at a chic restaurant or a seat at the opera, which mere mortals like myself would have found impossible to attain given a months notice. To be fair, it was her husband’s name that had achieved the reputation, as one of the world’s most distinguished film producers. â€Å"When I’m next in London you must have lunch with me,† came crackling down the phone. No,† said I gallantly, â€Å"you must have lunch with me. † â€Å"How perfectly charming you English always are,† she said. I have often wondered how much American women get away with when they say those few words to an Englishman. Nevertheless, the wife of an Oscar-winning producer does not phone one everyday. â€Å"I promise to call you when I’m ne xt in London,† she said. And indeed she did, for almost six months to the day she telephoned again, this time from the Connaught Hotel, to declare how much she was looking forward to our meeting. Where would you like to have lunch? † I said, realizing a second too late, when she replied with the name of one of the most exclusive restaurants in town, that I should have made sure it was I who chose the venue. I was glad she couldn’t see my forlorn face as she added airly, â€Å"Monday, one o’clock. Leave the booking to me—I’m known there. † On the day in question I donned my one respectable suit, a new shirt I had been saving for a special occasion since Christmas, and the only tie that looked as if it hadn’t been previously used to hold up my trousers. I then strolled over to my bank and asked for statement of my current account. The teller handed me a long piece of paper unworthy of its amount. I studied the figure as one who has to make a major financial decision. The bottom stating in black lettering that I was in credit to the sum of thirty-seven pounds and sixty-three pence. I wrote out a check for thirty-seven pounds. I feel that the gentleman should always leave his account in credit, and I might add it was a belief my bank manager shared with me. I then walked up to Mayfair for my luncheon date. You read "Luncheon Analysis" in category "Essay examples" As I entered the restaurant I noticed too many waiters and plush seats for my liking. You can’t eat either, but you can be charged for them. At a corner table sat for two sat a woman who, although not young, was elegant. She wore a blouse of powder blue crepe-de-chine, and her blond hair was rolled away from her face in style that reminded me of the war years and had once again become fashionable. It was clearly my transatlantic admirer, and she greeted me in the same â€Å"I’ve known you all my life† as she was to do at the Literary Guild cocktail party years later. Although she had a drink in front of her, I didn’t order an aperitif, explaining that I never drank before lunch—and I would have liked to add, â€Å"but as soon as your husband makes a film of my novel, I will. † She launched immediately into the latest Hollywood gossip, not so much dropping names as reciting them, while I ate my way through the potato chips from the bowl in front of me. A few minutes later a waiter materialized by the table and presented us with two large embossed leather menus, considerably better bound than my novel. The place positively reeked of unnecessary expense. I opened the menu and studied the first chapter with horror; it was eminently put-downable. I had no idea that simple food obtained from Covent Garden could cost quite so much by merely being transported to Mayfair. I could have bought her the same dishes for a quarter of the price at my favorite bistro, a mere one hundred yards away, and to add to my discomfort I observed that it was one of those restaurants where the guest menu made no mention of the prices. I settled down to study the long list of French dishes, which only served to remind me that I hadn’t eaten well for more than a month, a state of affairs that was about to be prolonged by a further day. I remembered my bank balance morosely reflected that I would probably have to wait until my agent sold the Icelandic rights of my novel before I could afford a square meal again. â€Å"What would you like? † I said gallantly. â€Å"I always enjoy a light lunch,† she volunteered. I sighed with premature relief, only to find that â€Å"light† did not necessarily mean inexpensive. She smiled sweetly up at the waiter, who looked as though he wouldn’t be wondering where his next meal might be coming from, and ordered just a sliver of smoked salmon, followed by two tiny tender lamb cutlets. Then she hesitated, but only for a moment, before adding â€Å"and a side salad. † I studied the menu with some caution, running my finger down the prices, not the dishes. â€Å"I also eat light lunch,† I said mendaciously. â€Å"The chef’s salad will be quite enough for me. † The waiter was obviously affronted but left peaceably. She chatted of Coppola and Preminger, of Pacino and Redford, and of Garbo as if she saw her all the time. She was kind enough to stop for a moment and ask what I was working on at present. I would have liked to have replied, â€Å"On how I’m going to explain to my wife that I have only sixty-three pence left in the bank,† but I actually discussed my ideas for another novel. She seemed impressed but still made no reference to her husband. Should I mention him? No. Mustn’t sound pushy, or as though I needed the money. The food arrived, or that is to say her smoked salmon did, and I sat silently watching her eat my bank account while I nibbled on a roll. I looked up only to discover a wine waiter by my side. Would you care for some wine? † said I, recklessly. â€Å"No, I don’t think so,† she said. I smiled a little too soon: â€Å"Well, perhaps a little something white and dry. † The wine waiter handed down a second leather-bound book, this time with golden grapes embossed on the cover. I searched down the pages for half-bottles, explaining to my guest that I never drank at lunch. I chose the cheapest. The wine waiter appeared a moment later with a large silver bucket full of ice in which the half bottle looked drowned, and, like me, completely out of its depth. A junior waiter cleared away the empty plate while another wheeled a large trolley to the side of our table and served the lamb cutlets and the chef’s salad. At the same time a third waiter made up an exquisite side salad for my guest that ended up bigger than my complete order. I didn’t feel I could ask her to swap. To be fair, the chef’s salad was superb—although I confess it was hard to appreciate such food fully while trying to work out a plot that would be convincing if I found the bill to over thirty-seven pounds. How silly of me to ask for white wine with lamb,† she said, having nearly finished the half bottle. I ordered a half bottle of the house red without calling for the wine list. She finished the white wine and then launched into the theater, music, and other authors. All those who were still alive she seemed to know, and those who were dead she hadn’t read. I might have enjoyed the performance if it hadn’t been for the fea r of wondering if I would be able to afford it when the curtain came down. When the waiter cleared away the empty dishes he asked my guest if she would care for anything else. â€Å"No, thank you,† she said—I nearly applauded. â€Å"Unless you have one of your famous apple surprises. † â€Å"I fear the last one may have gone, madam, but I’ll go and see. † â€Å"Don’t hurry,† I wanted to say, but instead I just smiled as the rope tightened around my neck. A few minutes later the waiter strode back in triumph, weaving between the tables holding the apple surprise in the palm of his hand, high above his head. I prayed to Newton that the apple would obey his law. It didn’t. â€Å"The last one, madam† â€Å"Oh, what luck,† she declared. â€Å"Oh, what luck,† I repeated, unable to face the menu and discover the price. I was now attempting some mental arithmetic as I realized it was going to be a close-run thing. â€Å"Anything else, madam? † the ingratiating waiter inquired. I took a deep breath. â€Å"Just coffee,† she said. â€Å"And for you, sir? † â€Å"No, no, not for me. † He left us. I couldn’t think of an explanation for why I didn’t drink coffee. Then she produced the large Gucci bag by her side and a copy of my novel, which I signed with a flourish, hoping the head waiter would see, and feel I was the sort of man who should be allowed to sign the bill as well, but he resolutely remained at the far end of the room while I wrote the words â€Å"An unforgettable meeting† and appended my signature. While the dear lady was drinking her coffee I picked at another roll and called for the bill, not because I was in any particular hurry, but like a guilty defendant at the Old Bailey, I preferred to wait no longer than the judge’s sentence. A man in a smart green uniform whom I had never seen before appeared carrying a silver tray with a folded piece of paper on it, looking not unlike my bank statement. I pushed back the edge of the bill slowly and read the figure: thirty-six pounds and forty pence. I casually put my hand into my inside pocket and withdrew my life’s possessions, then placed the crisp new notes on the silver tray. They were whisked away. The man in the green uniform appeared a few minutes later with my sixty pence change, which I pocketed, since it was the only way I was going to get a bus home. The waiter gave me a look that would have undoubtedly won him a character part in any film produced by the lady’s distinguished husband. My guest rose and walked across the restaurant, waving at, and occasionally kissing, people I had previously seen only in glossy magazines. When she reached the door she stopped to receive her coat, a mink. I helped her on with the fur, again failing to leave a tip. As we stood on the Curzon Street sidewalk, a dark blue Rolls-Royce drew up beside us and a liveried chauffeur leaped out and opened the door. She climbed in. â€Å"Goodbye, darling,† she said as the electric window slid down. â€Å"Thank you for such a lovely lunch. † â€Å"Goodbye,† I said and, summoning up my courage, added: â€Å"I do hope when you are next in town I shall have the opportunity of meeting your distinguished husband. † â€Å"Oh, darling, didn’t you know? † she said. â€Å"Know what? † â€Å"We were divorced ages ago. † â€Å"Divorced? † said I. â€Å"Oh, yes,† she said gaily, â€Å"I haven’t spoken to him for years. † I just stood there looking helpless. â€Å"Oh, don’t worry yourself on my account,† she said. â€Å"He’s no loss. In any case, I recently married again† –another film producer, I prayed—â€Å"in fact, I quite expected to bump into my husband today—you see, he owns the restaurant. † Without another word the electric window purred up and the Rolls-Royce glided effortlessly out of sight, leaving me to walk to the nearest bus stop. As I stood surrounded by Literary Guild guests, staring at the white queen with the Brioche bun, I could still see her drifting away in that blue Rolls-Royce. I tried to concentrate on her words. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t forget me, darling,† she was saying. â€Å"After all, I did take you to lunch, didn’t I? † How to cite Luncheon Analysis, Essay examples

Foundation of Management and Governance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the ERG Theory and Problem Definition. Answer: Analysis using motivation theories Expectancy theory The Vrooms expectancy theory the actions and behavior of an individual is a result of his conscious choice among the available alternatives that aim at maximizing the pleasure of an individual along with minimizing the pain. According to HemaMalini and Washington (2014), the performance of an individual is based upon the factors such as knowledge, skills, abilities and experience. The theory uses expectancy, instrumentality and valence to understand employee motivation. Expectancy is the belief that an action shall result in improved performance. In the given case study, the articled clerks expect proper wages and working hours. However, the improper wages and working conditions lead to dissatisfaction and affects their performance. Instrumentality is the belief that the improved performance shall lead to a valued outcome. The clerks lack instrumentality as they believe that an improved performance shall not lead to desired outcomes that is proper wages and working conditions. Valanc e refers to the importance that an individual attaches to the outcome (Parijat and Bagga 2014). In this case, the clerks lack valence as they lack the motivation to work harder for a desired outcome. Other motivational theories ERG Theory of work motivation: The ERG theory of work motivation is an extension of Herzberg motivation hygiene theory and Maslows need hierarchy theory. The ERG theory stands for existence, relatedness and growth. These are the three sets of needs, which are the focal point of ERG theory (Lazaroiu 2015). Existence needs are associated with all types of material and psychological desires of an individual that are both work and not work related. Existence needs include fringe benefits, perquisites and physical working conditions. In the given case, the existence needs of the clerks of the organization are not satisfied due to improper remuneration provided to them. Relatedness needs are related to the need for satisfactory social and interpersonal relationships. The seniors do not provide the clerks with any help. Even the staff does not cooperate with Steven Tully that reflects that there is a lack of relatedness in the organization. These needs depend on the sharing mutual understanding and interactive influence and sharing of thoughts and feelings with family members, co- workers, supervisors and friends. Growth needs is related to the development of an individuals potential and desire for personal growth and competence (Zeb et al. 2014). In the given case study, the existence needs of the articled clerks were not satisfied as they were not paid fair remuneration. On the other hand, the relatedness and growth needs of Steven Tully were not satisfied as he did not receive the cooperation of his colleagues. Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory Herzberg found that there are some job conditions, which primarily operate to dissatisfy employees in case of their absence but their presence does not motivate them in a strong way. Herzberg named some job conditions as maintenance or hygiene factors, which are extrinsic in nature. In the given case study, the articled clerks did not receive fair amount of compensation for their job done that led to dissatisfaction. The articled clerks worked more than 70 hour per week whereas working more than 40 hours per week seemed to be troublesome for them. The inappropriate extra working hours led to dissatisfaction. On the other hand, another set of job conditions primarily operate to build strong motivation and high level of job satisfaction. Herzberg named such job conditions as motivational factors. According to Lazaroiu (2015), the hygiene or maintenance factors involve company policy and administration, technical supervision, interpersonal relations with the supervisors, interpersonal r elations with peers, interpersonal relations with subordinates, salary, job security, personal life, working conditions and status. Whereas the motivational factors include achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself, possibility of growth and responsibility (Miner 2015). On the other hand, the credit for the extra hours worked by the articled clerks was taken by the seniors that led to further dissatisfaction. The seniors did not offer any help to the juniors that led to demotivation among the juniors. Even Steven Tully was dissatisfied from his work as the company did not maintain its hygiene factors as a result of which there was a lack of good interpersonal relationships between the employees of the organization. Maslows need hierarchy theory According to Maslows need hierarchy theory, the needs of men develop in a sequential as well as hierarchical order and an individual will not try to meet his higher level of needs until the basic lower level needs are fully satisfied. Under this theory, once the needs at the particular level in the hierarchy of needs are reasonably satisfied they are no longer a motivating factor. Instead, only the needs, which are not satisfied become the motivators and such needs are capable of motivating individuals. Maslows need hierarchy postulates human needs into five levels where each level represents a group of needs. The basic human needs are physiological needs, safety or security needs, social needs, egoistic or esteem needs and self- actualization needs (Taormina and Gao 2013). Physiological needs are primarily the needs arising out of physical survival. These needs are the most basic and powerful and form the foundation of the hierarchy. These needs are need for food, thrust, sleep, clothing and shelter, which arise out of physiological or biological tension (Rasskazova, Ivanova, and Sheldon 2016). Until these basic needs of physiological drives are reasonably satisfied to the degree needed for the proper functioning of the body then the upper levels of needs will provide him with little motivation. In the given case study, the basic needs of the employees of Acme and Associates were not satisfied. The basic physiological needs were not met as they were not paid a fair remuneration. Once the physiological needs are reasonably met, safety or security needs become predominant and become motivators. These include both emotional and physical dimensions as security from loss of satisfaction of physiological needs, need for protection against danger, threat, los s of job and property stability and also an orderly environment. Since the physiological needs of the articled clerks were not met, the need for security and safety did not arise. When both the physiological and safety needs are reasonably met we need for belongingness becomes uppermost (Maslow 2013). These needs include the need for meaningful relations with others, friendship, love, affection, respected place in the group, trust, admiration and social intercourse. In case of Steven Tully, his need for belongingness was not satisfied as the seniors staff in Acme and Associates did not put their clients through him. This caused dissatisfaction in Tully. When the physiological, safety and need for belongingness are reasonably satisfied, egoistic or esteem needs arise. These needs are basically concerned with a feeling of self- confidence and self- worth, achievement, status, prestige, reputation, competence and power. In this case study, none of the employees of the organization reac h the stage of esteem or egoistic needs as their lower level needs are not satisfied. The self- actualization needs are the highest level of need in Maslow's model of Hierarchy. When all other needs in the hierarchy have been reasonably met, the need for self- actualization comes in the hierarchy of needs that refers to the desire for self- development to realize ones own potentialities (Kaur 2013). Main problems defined Primary Problems Secondary Problems Lower wages provided to the clerks Inappropriate reward system Inappropriate job design. Lack training and cooperation among the employees and absence of help from the seniors Inappropriate planning Inability of the employees to satisfy the changing desires and needs of the customers Lack of experience in mining industry Decreased profits Fall in the employee productivity High rate of employee turnover Increase in the number of customer complaints Poor quality of services Table 1: Main problems defined (Source: Authors work) References HemaMalini, P. H., and Anthea Washington. "Employees' motivation and valued rewards as a key to effective QWL-from the perspective of expectancy theory." TSM Business Review 2, no. 2 (2014): 45. Kaur, Avneet. "Maslows need hierarchy theory: Applications and criticisms." Global Journal of Management and Business Studies 3, no. 10 (2013): 1061-1064. Lazaroiu, George. "Employee Motivation and Job Performance." Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations 14 (2015): 97. Lazaroiu, George. "Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior." 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