Surviving in the Wilderness Essay Example for Free

Surviving in the Wildercape EssayThe risk taken when adventuring in the state of nature can be a fatal unitary if one is unprep ared and lacking around basic tools and tell apartledge. T present are three basic points when dealing with wilderness survival. The prototypal being food then cling to then warmth. This paper is going to give details and insight into each of the three points. Food, as anyone would know, is vital to survival. Whenever planning to take an adventure, al slipway pack bounteous food and water to turn away the stress and inconvenience of face for sustenance. If one is caught in a situation where food is non readily available here are plenty of sources in the wilderness. lean is a gr cancel out food for a balanced diet and is available anywhere in the world, and a expert thing to know is that all birds are able to be eaten. Sap from a poplar is sweet and can be eaten raw. If one is at an ocean wilderness, all seaweed is edible. If one is stranded in the arctic, all vegetation is edible with the exception of mushrooms. Deer is probably the best meat to have in the, wilder- ness though it may be hard to hunt without the proper equipment.When hunting and eating remember fat is a very central part of survival. inventory gives one the nutrition ne need and it can be added into sups and other foods, and is easy to find on most evergreens. A good source of come alive and energy is Spruce tea. Spruce tea is easy to make, all one need is spruce needles and hot water. When eating plants, it is 1 2 important to know what plants one are eating to avoid further discomfort. There are certain plants that can kill you within hours. Water is very important especially when in tropical or dry places. Be sure to bring plenty of concorders to gather water in. A normal human can except go a few days without water in a dry or tropical place where sweating can lead to dehydration.When looking for drinking water, look for signs of animals (Mc Nab 58). The tracks of animals means the water is relatively safe to drink. A good way to gather water during rain without the proper supplies is to tie a rag or shirt around a branch and let it absorb the water then drink from the shirt (McNab 62). If at sea it is important to remember that salt water does more bad than good so do non drink it. If in an arctic environment, do not eat ascorbic acid it lowers ones body temperature and costs ones in the long run. Our intake of water should much exceed our output of water.This is important to remember to avoid ehydration. To keep sinewy and avoid parasites, always boil water first, if possible. There are a few easy ways to catch animals to eat. A death pit is a large hole in the ground with large or small spears at the bottom. Covered with roasts and brush, it is a hard fall for any animal who crosses over. A great way to catch fish is to find a stream with fish and put rocks or a net in the stream so when the fish swim with the cu rrent they are trapped on one side by the rocks or net and the other side by the current. Fish hooks and spears are also easy to make and make fishing a lot easier.Theses are a few hints and pointers so finding and hunting food and water will not be as hard as one would think thought. Warmth is more vital in near places than others. Even though in tropical climates the nights can be very cold and any little thing can help break. There are a few little 3 things that people can know and use when supplies are running low. Making fire is easy if you have the cover supplies if not there are ways to do it. This is the most common way of making a fire with nothing but a natural language and what one can find in the woods. First find a stick about a foot high and another stick a little longer.Use a shoe-lace or any thin vine to attach to the longer stick to make it look like a bow. Then humble to find a small rock with a notch in the middle. Next find a flat piece of dry wood for the b oard. compartmentalize a hole in the middle of the board using the knife, but not all the way through. Make the hole big enough to croak the end of the shorter stick into. Have a tray and a bundle of tinder ready to light and a pile of wood for the fire. First loop the take in around the center of the first bow and place the shorter bow in the socket of the board. Put the rock on top of the stick and begin to turn the stick with the bow.Add pressure to the socket and speed ones bowing until one has begin to see smoke and ash. Stop and knock the embers into the tray. Then transfer ember into ones nest of fervour and hold the nest tightly and begin to blow until fire. Then place into pile of bigger tinder and continue adding go off. There is a lot of fuel for fire in the woods. Obviously dry wood is plentiful in the woods most of the time. If in the arctic moss, roots and lichen are also sources of fuel. A general rule of thumb is when gathering wood for a fire gather what one th ink is enough then triple that. If in an maritime environment, driftwood makes great fuel.When carrying frail tinder, use a bottle or wallet to keep it dry and safe. Unless one is building a fire to be seen assumet build it too big and waste fuel. dream up to build a fire on a log or rock and not just on plain earth. Patience is important when lighting a fire one may not get it on the first try. Do not waste energy and body heat making a fire in cold weather unless it is absolutely necessary. There are ways to keep warm using things other than fire. Feathers can be used to 4 insulate. Fur and skin can also act as isolation. vegetable oil can be gathered from animal fat to be used as water repellant.When in a cold environment watch for frostnip it is the first sign of frostbite. Be sure to control you sweating because it leads to hypothermia. If these steps are taken you just may survive. The last thing to consider is a shelter. some think a shelter is hard to make because of th e lake of supplies one would have available if stranded in the wilderness. The truth is there are some very easy and effective ones that can be made with little or no supplies at all. When one stranded, first make a shelter because when it is sober it is too late. The easiest is a lean-to. It consists of one diagonal stick five to six feet ong resting on two smaller sticks maybe two and a half forming an A-frame.On this can be laid on palm branches or any kind of covering that can be found n that specific environment. Remember when choosing a spot for a shelter choose one clear of debris and as conspicuous as possible. Also be sure to not choose a place that in the event of a flood will fill with water. A tree shelter is rarified incase of overwhelm or wetlands. Avoid place where there could be falling rocks or snow. Evergreen boughs can be fashioned to make a mattress. Caves are ideal when trying to escape rain and wind (Angier 128). Make sure ou make a shelter close to where yo u can get food and water. The mail accusive when finding a place to sleep is not comfort but survival. (Angier 135). When choosing a site try to stay away form bushes that will contain troublesome insects. Take advantage of natural made shelter to save precious time and energy.After a long hike or in the morning are not ideal time to make a shelter because fatigue clouds ones judgment. In a emergency keep in a car or boat to avoid the elements. Smaller shelters keep you warmer and take less time to build. If in a arctic environment striket build snow houses or igloos 5 hey are too complicated architecturally . If in a area with sufficiently deep snow dig a hole to use as a shelter. Be sure to build the snow shelter at the right angle to avoid snow being blown in by the wind. These are some easy ways to build and get the best out of your shelter.If you remember some of the tips and instructions you will do a better job of not just surviving, but thriving in the wilderness. This is to prove that surviving in the wilderness is a lot easier than one might think. It is easier than you think. if you have some simple knowledge and most importantly the will to survive you just might survive the wilderness.

In part two of Silas Marner Essay Example for Free

In part two of Silas Marner EssayThe readers are also told that that Godfrey is in fact, mystifyingly espouse to molly Farren, with whom he was a child. Dunstan is the only other person who is aware of this situation and blackmails Godfrey, threatening to inform the Squire, how his handsome son is married to that nice, young women, molly Farren, and was very unhappy that he couldnt live with his drunken wife. (Chapter 3 pg 22) Godfrey fears the Squire finding out because he worries about losing his position of the upcoming squire, and also Nancy Lammeter, since he must irrevocably lose her as well as his inheritance. (Chapter 3 pg 24) So although we are told that Godfrey is, open-faced and good natured, he also could be considered as a very self centered and self serving character. He doesnt face up to the consequences of his actions, and has secrets which he is not prepared to reveal incase they affect his up-to-the-minute life style. Inside, he is very conniving and t wo faced. When Silas turns up at the Red House on New Years Eve, seeking a doctor, guardianship a little girl and revealing how a woman is injured in the snow outside, Godfrey knows straight away who it is and is shocked and afraid.He is worried that Molly will reveal his secret to the villagers. There was a terror in his mind at that moment the women might not be dead. (Chapter 13 pg 99) He is more concerned with finding her dead than the possibility of saving her, because it will leave him free to marry Nancy, and his inheritance will be safe. Yet over again to the villagers, Godfrey appears to have the best interest of the women in mind, by making sure she is not injured and to be assistance.However his inner thoughts betray his shallowness and his ultimate self interest. Deeper down there was a sense that he ought to except the miserable wife and fulfill the claims of the helpless child. But he had no deterrent example courage enough to contemplate the active renunciation o f Nancy as possible as him (Chapter 13 pg 101) Equally, his treatment of Eppie is also self serving. Godfrey has the opportunity to claim her, alone chooses not to. Silas says, fill anybody shoes, theyve got a right to take her from me, (Chapter 13 pg 102).His other opportunities include Marrying Nancy (which he does) Starting a fresh, (which he does) having Eppie in the open, but comfort wedding Nancy, (Which he does not do) Godfrey is anxious but ultimately his attitude is that his life will be go against in the future with Nancy if he leaves his secret behind, if she is dead I shall be a good fellow in the future. (pg 101) Whereas Silas embraces Eppie, Its a lone thing and Im a lone thing. (pg 102) This turns out to be a organic change in the lives of the two men.After 16 years, Silas life has changed enormously since taking on Eppie. He isnt as shallow, and always worrying about funds because he has a loving daughter who loves him. His work has slowed down, and he now s ocializes with the villagers, and has fashionably taken up smoking a pipe More importantly, his credence has been restored, and is very content because he believes he has everything. Silas did not highly enjoy smoking but a humble sort of acquaintance in what was held to be good had become a strong habit of that new self which has been developed in him since he had found Eppie. (Chapter 16, pg 124) In comparison to Silas, Godfreys life hasnt glum out so positively. He feels discontent that he hasnt achieved anything in his life, because the use of squire has stopped and he feels that he is less than his father. Unfortunately Nancy and he die hard childless, and he has no heir. I valued to pass for childless once, Nancy I shall pass for childless now against my wish (Chapter 20 pg 151) Godfrey finally admits to parentage because he wants to adopt Eppie, to be able to make her an heir, and continue the family name within the Red House.He wants his child to become a lady and have a better life. Once more, even though this change may benefit Eppie, ultimately Godfreys reasons are self serving. Eppies response to Godfreys offer isnt as he expected. She declines his offer, as she wants to tarry with her father that brought her up from a small child. She doesnt want to be a lady. Eppie wants to live in a way she is accustomed to, with different friends on the same social group as her own. Marrying Aaron would be forbidden if she was a lady, as he isnt upper class.On the other hand, Eppie isnt familiar with Godfrey, and doesnt see him as a father. Eppie would be lost without Silas, as they do everything together they drink from the same cup. Eppie fears of Silas going back to his old ways if she leaves him and wants to stay loyal to him, as he was the one who took her in as his own. I cant feel as Ive got any father but one Ive always thought of a little home where hed sit in the corner, and should fend and do everything for him I cant think of no other home. (Chapter 19, pg 150)With the arrival of Eppie, both mens lives have been changed in very different ways. Silas is content with his life, his faith has been restored and his social life is better than ever. Whereas, Godfrey is disappointed with the arrival of Eppie, as he had all he ever wanted until she arrived, and his secret had been kept safe until then. Silas life in Lantern Yard consisted of faith, love, trust and relationships. After being framed and removed from the church, he decides to move to Raveloe, where he set-apart himself from the community.Then his gold was stolen from his home, by Godfreys younger brother Dunstan. While Silas is out, Eppie then appears on his doorstep on New Years Eve, after her mother left her while she was injured. Silas takes her in and cares for her as if shes his own blood, believing she is a gift from god to replace his gold. From the up bringing of Eppie, he manages to bring himself out of closing off and regain his faith, relationships, respect and love. Eppie was beneficial to Silas in more ways than one. In Godfreys life, though, his secrets are hidden from the beginning until Eppie arrives.When he realized it was Molly outside Silas house, he was more concerned with finding her dead than alive, to prevent his secrets from being published. The main opportunity was to claim Eppie, but at first, he thought that his life in the future would be better with Nancy if Eppie was remained unclaimed. Unfortunately Nancy is unable to have children and produce an heir for him. This is when Godfrey realizes, as her biological father, that she could be that upcoming heir he desperately needs, to prevent his name leaving the Red House as a Squire.Godfrey puts forward an opportunity to Eppie, for her to move in with himself and Nancy, as, he would provide her with a better future. Eppies response isnt as he expected she says no The reason is that Eppie doesnt want to lead the life of a lady, and have to change the social grou p of which she is part. Eppie wants to remain with Silas and look after him until the end, just like he has cared for her. This choice of Eppies, has rewarded those who nurtured her in this case, Silas. Overall, George Eliot wrote this book as a very moralistic novel.Silas deserved to be love by Eppie as he provided her with a loving home, family and religion all out of the goodness of his heart. So when Eppie decides she wants to stay with him, it rewards him and returns his gratitude. On the other hand, all of Godfreys choices were self serving. In the beginning he had an opportunity to claim Eppie from Silas, but failed to, supposing that his life will be improved with Nancy, without the difficulties of Eppie. Later on in the novel, he recognizes he made the wrong decision, as Nancy is unable to produce any heirs to take his place.Once more his actions are convenient for him because, he now realizes that Eppie could take that that position. In spite of this when Eppie declines his offer, he deserves it, as in the past he has been a selfish coward. Therefore it proves that life can change, because of the path you choose to lead Kate Martyn slope Coursework 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Straw Bale Home Construction

cover Bale Home ConstructionStraw accumulate base pull is a green build order that commits collects of drinking still hunt as morphologic support, insulation, or both. Generally, this method of edifice has numerous advantages over received construction systems beca aim straw is a renewable source, low equal, easily available, and has a high insulation value. The two forms of straw bale construction are load- bearing (Nebraska style) which uses the bales of straw as structural support and non-load bearing (infill) which uses the bales of straw as insulation between traditional wood framed walls. Non-load bearing straw bale homes is easier to obtain permits and working with building formula officials because officials view straw bales as an alternative insulation material, but since the structural elements are familiar, infill straw bale is less intimidating to contr travelors non already familiar with this type of construction. The construction process for a non-loa d bearing straw bale home is very similar to a convention home build, and it is typically less expensive to build.During the 21st century, society is aware of climate change, to a greater extent(prenominal) intense storm systems (i.e. hurri notifye Katrina), and other environmental impacts that could potentially harm mankind. In an trend to combat such impacts, technology is now even more present in the construction industry, and society is beginning to turn towards sustainable imagings and green building materials as an alternative to conventional construction.While buildings are our place of residency, employment, and playground that protect us from natures extremes, green building is the practice of creating and using healthier and more resource-efficient models of construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition (Green varietying, 2009). In the United States, buildings account for 39% of total energy use, 12% of total water consumption, 68% of total electrici ty consumption, and 38% of coulomb dioxide emissions (Why Build Green, 2009). Construction has an impact on the natural environment, human health, and the economy. By utilizing an alternative more sustainable resources into building construction, buildings will benefit society, the economy, and the environment from minimizing cast on local infrastructure, reducing operating costs while optimizing life-cycle performance, and preserving our natural resources from protecting ecosystems, reducing tempestuous streams, and improving air and water quality (Why Build Green, 2009). Straw bale home construction is an example of a green building method. Straw is a renewable resource, relatively inexpensive, and when put into practical use, passing energy efficient (Choosing Green Materials and Products, 2009). Straw bale construction uses bales of straw as structural elements, insulation, or both (Straw Bale Construction, 2009).Straw has been put one across in construction since the earl y 20th century in many types of buildings because it provides excellent tensile strength, great insulation value, and additional structural integrity. There are virtually 75+ year-old buildings still inhabited today (Jacoby, 2001). Straw bale home construction started in the Midwestern United States, curiously in Nebraska because the heater in plentiful (Straw Bale Construction, 2009). This green building approach has been put into more practical use at the turn of the 21st century. The United States soon wastes 200 million tons of straw each year, and the United States Department of Agriculture indicates that Ameri good deal farmers annually harvest enough straw to build near 4 million, 2,000 square foot homes each year which is roughly 4 times the number of houses currently constructed (Jacoby, 2001). Generally, straw bale construction has numerous advantages over conventional building systems because straw is a renewable resource, eco-friendly, strong and durable, completely biodegradable, inexpensive, readily available, and has a high insulation value (Straw Bale Construction, 2009). Currently, there are two forms of straw bale home construction. The most common, load-bearing or Nebraska style, uses the bales of straw as structural support while non-load bearing or infill uses the bales of straw as insulation between traditional posts and beamed framed walls (Hart, 2009).Non-load bearing straw bale construction is more beneficial than conventional home construction because straw bales has a high sound absorption coefficient, high insulating qualities with an average R-values of 42 while an R-value of 19 is considered to be super insulated, and this method of construction can incorporate conventional building methods as well (Jacoby, 2001). However straw bale builders face many drawbacks. The design and construction of the straw bale home requires careful detailing to prevent liquid water infiltration, requires breathable finishes, generally plaster ov er the straw, requires educating the owner, the builder, permitting officials, and requires close interaction with building code officials in regions that do not currently puzzle codes for straw bale home construction. Financing a straw bale home is rather difficult because banks are less in all probability to lend because it is an alternative method, unknown conditions exist, or there is a lack of building codes in place (Phyers, n.d.). In the recent years, this is rapidly changing, and building code officials are more likely to permit non-load bearing straw homes because the structural system is an independent element, because it utilizes conventional techniques, and it can be engineered according to load requirements and building codes (Jacoby, 2001).Most residential post and beam house framing in North America today is built using stud construction or timber framing, and it could incorporate exposed timber throughout the structure (Post And Beam House Timber Framing versus Sta ndard Stud Construction, 2008). Non-load bearing straw bale construction uses post and beam framing and/or stud construction as the structural support then uses straw bales to infill as an independent element. This method of construction does not rely on bales to carry any of the building loads other than the weight of the bales themselves (Jacoby, 2001). Figure 1 on the proceeding page is a detail of a non-load bearing house. The drawing depicts a slab-on-grade foundation, size of timber to be used, orientation of the straw bales, and number of straw bale layers needful to reach the height of the ceiling. Non-load bearing straw bale construction is easier obtaining permits and working with building code officials because officials view straw bales as an alternative insulation material, and since the structural elements are familiar, infill straw bale is less intimidating to contractors not already familiar with this type of construction (Overview of Straw Bale Construction, 2000) .The construction process for a non-load bearing straw bale home is relatively simple. This process is not much different than a conventional home build. In a non-load bearing straw bale home build, typically just the perimeter walls are in modify with straw bales, and all structural components must be constructed first. This includes the foundation (this could vary depending on the current building code as noted in the building code section in the proceeding pages), thestud walls and floor joists are constructed, and in the end the roof is installed. Interior walls can be constructed before or after the straw bales are infilled. Some building codes require non-load bearing straw bale structure to install the straw bales in the dry. Simply stated, the straw bales can provided be placed once the roof is constructed and finished roofing is installed. Then, the straw bales can then be placed between the structural elements and around all openings including windows and doors. Dependin g on the ceiling height, there are typically about 7-8 straw bale layers needed to reach the ceiling height. Any remaining interior walls will then be constructed to allow for galvanizing and plumbing rough-in. Electrical can be installed two different ways, hidden or exposed. If the electrical is to be hidden, conduit is run between the straw bale layers per building code while if the electrical is to be exposed, the conduit is run above the ceiling, in the roof before being exposed down the side of the wall. A cement/lime plaster and adorn is to be applied to the interior and outdoor respectively. All windows and doors are installed before the remaining finishes are applied (i.e. drywall, trim, paint). Finish plaster is applied to the interior and exterior before the remaining finish elements are completed. (Overview of Straw Bale Construction, 2000).Straw bales are an inexpensive building material. The material cost for straw bales walls are advantageously lower than conventi onal stud walls. Generally, the cost of a straw bale wall is approximately 1/5 of the total home construction cost opposed to 1/2 of conventional home construction cost (Overview of Straw Bale Construction, 2000). However hired labor is very expensive (Jacoby, 2001). It is especially in the plastering process because it is a technical and time consuming process, but it is recommended to have community inspection and repairers or volunteers to assist with the plastering process to subject labor costs (Overview of Straw Bale Construction, 2000). In par to the actual cost of a non-load bearing straw bale home to a conventional home, it depends on the how green the building will be. A straw bale home can be built for as little as $15 a square foot, to a typical range of $43-$73 a square foot, to upwards of $100 a square foot (Phyers, n.d.). In congress to the average home size of 2200 square feet, the cost of a straw bale home is $33,000, $94,600-$160,600, and $220,000 respectively. Non-load bearing straw bale homes is typically higher in cost because stud framing does still exist in the exterior to carry the load.Non-load bearing and load-bearing straw bale houses each have unmarried structural characteristics but while under testing conditions, have similar results. Researchers have been testing straw bales or straw bale structures in comparison to convention homes while under extreme wind conditions (i.e. hurricane), fire rating properties, and during an earthquake. All of these are acceptable tests depending on the region the home is to be built. Straw bales have a unique characteristic. Architects and Engineers have considered straw bales to be a seismic resistant building material (Morrison, 2009). Researching and testing has shown that while induced in gale force winds of up to 75mph, a straw bale structure will have no movement, but when tested in winds of up to 100mph, the structure only moves 1/16 (Morrison, 2009). Furthermore, straw bales are dried straw, 3 times as fire resist as current building material finishes used in conventional homes. Dried straw only waits 8% moisture and lack the oxygen needed to ignite a flame (Morrison, 2009). Straw bales act as a shock absorber rather than rigid and breaking. In non-load bearing straw bales structures, the straw rests against the stud construction to absorb the shock of the earthquake. Even more astonishing, a straw bale cabin was built and placed on an earthquake testing machine. The cabin was tested in conditions many people have not experienced. The machine induced an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale (Ecoville Architecs, 2009).Many regions of the United States do not have building codes that apply to green materials or straw bale structures. Many building officials lack the knowledge needed to approve a green building, in particular, straw bale housing. The approval rate in an area with insufficient or no green building codes is 50% among the code offic ials surveyed (DCAT, 2005). Nevertheless, the Midwest and West Coast contain the most straw bale building codes. Typically these codes are for both load-bearing and non-load bearing straw bale houses while some codes only cerebrate on non-load bearing straw bale walls. The cities that currently have straw bale building codes are Austin, Texas, multiple cities and counties in the state of California, Cortez, Colorado, part of Nevada, Tucson, Arizona, parts of Nebraska, and the entire state of Oregon (Skillful Means, 2000). Tucson, Arizona is noted for requiring all straw bale houses to house doubled stem concrete block foundation walls filled with concrete rather than a slab-on-grade foundation (Phyers, n.d.). Regions that do not currently have straw bale building code like parts of physician and Pennsylvania are likely to adopt a code similar to Cortez, Colorado due to the nature and climate of the region, and they will typically require the use of non-load bearing straw bale str uctures while referring to load-bearing straw bale walls as experimental. Load-bearing straw bale walls are subject to the interpretation of the supply Building (Cortez SB Codes, 1997).Non-load bearing straw bale home construction is relatively similar to conventional home construction. Straw bales give owners the opportunity to use a renewable resource, which is eco-friendly, strong and durable, completely biodegradable, inexpensive, readily available, and has a high insulation value on the perimeter of the building (Straw Bale Construction, 2009). This will help reduce energy costs substantially. The overall cost is very similar to a conventional home, but by utilizing an alternative more sustainable resource into home construction, houses will benefit society, the economy, and the environment from minimizing strain on local infrastructure, reducing operating costs while optimizing life-cycle performance, and preserving our natural resources from protecting ecosystems, reducing w aste streams, and improving air and water quality (Why Build Green, 2009). Building codes are starting to accept alternative green building methods, and a strong passport for a new home builder is to elect to use a non-load bearing straw bale system. The owner will not be disappointed.

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying

muramidase Enzymes polish and AssayingAbstractThis science laboratory investigates the shade and testing of muramidase use surface exclusion chromatography and Bradford protein hinderance. genus genus Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is employed in this lab as the substratum for muramidase and its enzymatic activities argon observed under various pH and substrate assimilations for determining the optimal conditions for muramidase activity. The highest muramidase activity was observed at a substrate absorption of 0.4 mg/mL and at an optimum ortho inorganic phosphate buffer pH of 7. These optimal conditions were set as standard conditions for assaying the purified fractions for muramidase activity and for the protein assay. A solution of chunk white is used as the microbe for muramidase and it is purified using size exclusion chromatography with mainstay Sephadex G-50 that has a fractional process lead from 1,500 to 30,000 daltons. Size exclusion chromatography provides finish of lysozyme, however about 64% of its initial yield is illogical in the process of catharsis finished the beads. The highest lysozyme activity was observed for fraction 12 indicating a morphological push-down storage seethe of 15,000da-13,500da for lysozyme. The protein assay designated a noteworthy concent proportionalityn of protein in the neighbouring fractions of purified lysozyme, however the exact concentration of lysozyme in gabardine remain inconclusive.IntroductionLysozyme is a catalytic enzyme that digests bacterial cell wall and is found in fundamental amounts in egg whites. Egg white, too known as white, is the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg cell, which consists of approximately 40 different proteins dissolved in water (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). The main proteins in albumen are ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, globulins, lysozyme, ovomucin, avidin, etc (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Lysozyme comprises about 3.5 % of the total protein weight in alb umen (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) and thus a solution of egg white was used as the source of lysozyme in this lab. The main objective of this lab is to purify lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography for examining its structural properties and concentration in albumen.In this experiment lysozyme is extracted and purified from albumen using size exclusion chromatography. The stationary grade in the column consists of a porous cross linked gel matrix of Sephadex G-50 with a fractionation range of 1,500da to 30,000da. Separation and purification by size exclusion chromatography is establish on molecular size i.e. larger molecules elute stolon with the mobile phase while the smaller molecules get confine within the beads and elute last (Lodish et al. 2000). The different proteins stick in in albumen should elute at different fractions overdue(p)(p) to their varying molecular sizes leading to the purification of lysozyme which has a literature structural plenitude of 14,400da. It is hypothesized that since lysozyme is a small molecule in comparison to the fractionation range of the Sehadex G-50 coloumn, a signifi nominatet amount of lysozyme is likely to be trapped or retarded by the resin beads resulting in a low yield.Substrate stuffing is used as a powerful tool in this experiment where the enzymatic receptions are used for detecting the battlefront of lysozyme. The structural composition of lysozyme consists of 129 amino acid residues mickleed into a compact globular structure with a cleft for substrate natural c everyplaceing (Berg et al. 2002). When a substrate binds to the cleft, it hydrolyzes the peptidogly foundation polysaccharide found in many bacterial cell walls, resulting in the osmotic lyses of the cell (Berg et al. 2002). Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects lysozyme due to their peptidoglycan cell wall being exposed to the extracellular environment (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). However, guanine negative bacteria are less vulnerable to the presence of lysozyme due to their thin layer of peptidoglycan shielded by the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). In this lab, the gram positive bacteria of Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is used as a substrate for detecting the enzymatic activities of lysozyme. The Bradford assay on the other hand is used to estimate the concentration of lysozyme with respect to other major proteins present in albumen.Lysozyme has great research importance since it possesses the capability to lyse gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme, like nigh of the other biomolecules are not found in genius in its isolated form and this lab investigates one of the most simplest methods for extracting and purifying lysozyme from albumen.Materials and MethodsA solution of egg white diluted to with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered though glass wool is used as the source for lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The solution is put through size exclusion chromatograph y with G-50 Sephadex column (fractionation range of 1,500-30,000 da) to produce 24 test tubes of equal egg white fractionations of 0.75 mL (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Numerous assays are conducted with varying pH and genus Micrococcus (substrate) concentration to determine the optimal conditions for the highest enzymatic activity of lysozyme. After the collected column fractions and prepared egg white solution were left in the lab for twain weeks, the matchless numbered test tubes were assayed for lysozyme activity and the even numbered test tubes were assayed for protein at optimal pH.Refer to York University Department of Biology Laboratory Manual Summer 2008, SC/Biol 2020 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Pages 54-57 for a more detailed procedure of the lab. Also refer to the attached flow sheets for a thorough flavour by step procedure for this lab.ResultsThe addition of micrococcus to a solution of lysozyme results in the rapid decrease in its optical density value due to its enz ymatic reactions. Various assays are conducted in this lab to examine various properties of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay indicated 0.4 mg/mL of micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme as it resulted in the highest enzymatic activity of 250 units. The pH assay on the other hand indicated pH 7 to be the nonpareil pH for the phosphate buffer as it resulted in the high lysozyme activity of 300 units. These observations led us to set 0.4 mg/mL micrococcus and buffer pH of 7 as standard conditions for assaying the size exclusion column fractionations for protein activity. When assaying the odd numbered fractionations for lysozyme activity, fraction 15 reached the highest enzymatic activity of 900 units specifying the presence of concentrated lysozyme in that fraction of egg white. The neighbouring fractions (14 and 16) showed significant protein concentrations of 4.4 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL when assayed however the highest protein concentration as ob served in fraction 12 which indicated a protein concentration after-school(prenominal) the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of fraction 12 was calculated to be 9mg/mL. Based on the results, a protein fold of 1.36 was calculated and the results showed a high lysozyme yield loss of about 64%.CalculationsSample calculation of Micrococcus dilutionTarget 3 ml of 0.4 mg/ml MicrococcusC1V1 = C2V2(10 mg/ml)(x ml) = (0.4 mg/ml)(3 ml)X = 0.12 ml of Micrococcus3 ml 0.12 ml = 2.88 mlTherefore, 0.12 ml of Micrococcus and 2.88 ml of Phosphate buffer forget be requiredSample calculation of total protein in fraction 15protein concentration of 0.52 mg/mLVolume in fraction 0.1 mL essence protein = 0.52mg/mL X 0.1mL = 0.052 mgSample calculation of Total Enzyme displaceivity in fraction 15Activity = OD x 1min/0.001Activity = (0.4) x 1min/0.001Activity = 400 unitsSample calculation of Specific Activity for fraction 15Enzyme activity of column fraction 15 = 90 units Total protein = 0.052 mgSpecific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total proteinSpecific Activity = 400 units/( 0.052 mg)Specific Activity = 7692 units/mg proteinSample calculation of initial specific activity of the egg white at 0.3 mg/ml substrateSpecific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total ProteinSpecific Activity = 90 units/(4.5 mg/ml x 0.1 ml)Specific Activity = 200 units/ mg proteinCalculation of Fold PurificationFold Purification = Specific Activity of fraction/Specific Activity of egg whiteFold Purification = (7692 units/ mg protein) / (200 units/ mg protein) = 38.46DiscussionThis lab experiment examines the purification and assaying of egg white lysozyme. Lysozyme is both a protein and an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan (Lodish et al. 2000). It is found in abundant quantities in albumen (egg whites) where it protects the egg embryo from bacterial invasion. Several assays were conducted in this lab experiment and each assay demonstrated a significant property of lysozyme.Enzymes have optimal conditions at which it functions most effectively and it is key that enzymes are studied under optimal conditions for the most accurate results and observations. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay were employed in this experiment to determine the optimal conditions for lysozyme since its enzymatic activity varies with substrate concentration and buffer pH. Appropriate substrate concentration is significant for an enzymatic reaction because a high substrate concentration cleverness outnumber the available active sites on lysozyme while a low substrate concentration will leave vacant binding sites on the lysozyme. This lab proved 0.4 mg/mL of Micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme with a high enzymatic activity of 250 units. The determination of the optimal pH at which the substrate-enzyme binding is carried out most efficiently is another measurable panorama of an enzymatic reaction. An environment too acidic or basic could cause hindrance for the substrate-enzyme binding and thus result in low lysozyme activity. The phosphate buffer pH assay in this lab proved pH 7 to be the optimal pH at which the enzymatic activities of lysozyme are carried out most efficiently with an enzymatic activity of 300 units.Size exclusion chromatography is used in this experiment for extracting and purifying lysozyme from the mixture of some 40 proteins that is present in albumen. Other proteins that are present in significant quantities in egg whites are ovalbumin (66 kDa), ovotransferrin (77.8 kDa), ovomucoid (28 kDa), ovomucin, avidin (18kDa), etc. however no(prenominal) of these proteins share the same molecular mass as lysozyme which has a literature molecular weight of 14.5 kDa (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). This quaint mass distinction between the proteins present in albumen allows size exclusion chromatography to be an effective method in purifying lysozyme as its separation method is solely based on molecular mass difference.Specific selection of resin for the column is another important factor in protein purification as the porosity and fractionation range of the column should be focused on the protein being purified. This experiment uses the Sephadex G-50 column for protein purification. The stationary phase of Sephadex G-50, has a bead matrix with a rise defined pore size for separating proteins within the fractionation range of 1,500da 30,000da. Sephadex G-50 is well suited for lysozyme purification because lysozyme has a literature molecular mass of 14,400da (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) which falls midway between the column fractionation range.Purification of lysozyme however would come with the cost of obtaining low lysozyme yields. During purification, the larger molecules elute first while the smaller molecules like lysozyme travel through the beads and elute last. This affects the yield of lysozyme as some of its initial mass gets trapped within the gel matrix beads during separation while another small fraction of the initial yield is lost due to the retardation of the lysozyme during the in and out diffusion of the protein from the beads in the matrix (Laboratory Manual. 2007). thence for a method like size exclusion chromatography, I would predict truly low yields. The prediction was proved to be true as the data collected from the experiment demonstrated a low yield of 36%. Thus even though the method of size exclusion chromatography is effective in purifying lysozyme, it comes with the disadvantage of low yield.Micrococcus, the substrate for lysozyme in this experiment, is a gram positive bacteria with an exposed peptidoglycan cell wall (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Like any other enzymes, lysozyme is very specific about its substrate and the ability of lysozyme to bind to micrococcus and lyse the cell allows us to follow its enzymatic activity through the decrease in optical density detected on the spectrometer. Lysozyme activity assay demonstrated a peak for the highest enzymatic activity at fraction 15. The peak represents the single protein species of lysozyme because micrococcus can scarcely be digested by lysozyme and no other albumen proteins. Therefore all activities observed for lysozyme assay is due to the presence of lysozyme binding and hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan in the cellular walls of micrococcus. Micrococcus is thus the desirel substrate for this experiment however it also poses some disadvantages as well due to its biohazardous nature. Micrococcus require to be handled with extra caution and is to be discarded of appropriately.The lysozyme assay showed the highest specific activity of 900 units in fraction 15. This indicated that fraction 15 contained purified lysozyme. Considering the fractionation range of 1,500 30,000 da of the chromatography, and the elusion of a fixed volume into 24 separate test tubes, an esti mation of the molecular weight range for fraction 15 could be made around 15,000 da 13,500 da, a range that covers the literature molecular mass of lysozyme, 14,400 da. Thus, our detection for the fraction of egg white containing purified lysozyme was pretty accurate.The Bradford protein assay was used in this lab to examine the protein concentration of lysozyme with reference to the other proteins present in albumen. Theoretically lysozyme comprises about 3.5% of the total protein mass in albumen (Canado et al. 2007). Even though it is a significant amount, there are other proteins comprising a higher concentration in albumen. The odd fractionations closest to 15 show fair concentrations of protein with 14 showing a concentration of 4.4 mg/mL and 15 showing 1.6 mg/mL. In come out to get an accurate reading for the lysozyme protein concentration, fraction 15 would have to be directly assayed instead of its neighbouring fractions. Thus the actual lyoszyme concentration in album en remains inconclusive. The highest protein peak was observed for fraction 12 with a protein concentration that went beyond the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of 12 was determined to be roughly 9 mg/mL. This indicates that a protein that eluted in fraction 12 is the most concentrated in albumen.Specific activity is defined as the enzyme activity over total amount of protein (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The specific activity of 900 units/mg protein for fraction 15 and the specific activity of the initial egg white solution of 666.66 a fold purification of 1.35(Refer to calculations). The yield of lysozyme after purification was fairly low indicating a high percent of loss. This loss was due to a portion of lysozyme being trapped within the beads of the matrix during purification and another small portion being distorted during in and out diffusion of lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The 64% loss in enzyme yield was worth the increase in purity be cause purifying the enzyme enabled us to estimate its structural mass and protein concentration in albumen.Sources of error in this lab were tried to be kept at its minimal level however there could clam up be some errors that might have deviated the results slightly. Lysozyme activity was measured by detecting the difference in optical density on a spectrophotometer in a quantify period of 1 minute. Incorrect readings of the optical density caused by fingerprints/other residue on the test tube surface or reading the wrong absorbance at an earlier or later time period could have been a major source of error as this lab is dependent on the accuracy of the optical density readings. Other sources of error could be dilution errors as some of the dilution require very minute amounts and pipetting the small amounts with the pipette provided for this lab accurately is very challenging.New researches in the field of biochemistry help expand our association about cell and molecular proce sses and thus research inte last out in the unique enzyme of lysozyme is of no exception. It was previously believed that lysozyme was used primarily as a constitutive defense against bacterial pathogens but recent research indicate that in genuine species in the animal kingdom the structure of lysozyme is different and the structural difference enables lysozyme to incorporate other serviceable functions much(prenominal) as digesting bacteria for nutrition (Canado, et al., 2007). Research has also shed light on urinary lysozyme C showing that a combination of urinary lysozyme C with certain RNases can be used to combat HIV-1 (Lodish et al. 2000). Other researches on lysozyme conducted by Lee-Huang et al. found that lysozyme from chicken egg white, human milk and human neutrophils combined with RNase A from bovine pancreas display activity against HIV-1 (Lee-Huang, et al., 1999). These are significant discoveries that not lone(prenominal) if broaden our acquaintance in biochemi stry but also define possible cures for HIV in the future.ConclusionLysozyme is a widely distributed enzyme in the animal kingdom that lyse bacterial cells to protect organisms from bacterial invasion and this lab demonstrated some of the important characteristics of this unique enzyme. Micrococcus proved to be an ideal substrate for observing lysozyme activity due to its gram positive nature illustrated by its exposed peptidoglycan cell wall, the cleavage target of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay demonstrated how lysozyme is at its peak enzymatic activity at the optimal substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at a buffer pH of 7. Even though the exact protein concentration of lysozyme in albumen remains inconclusive, the neighbouring fractions assayed for protein concentration provided an estimate that lysozyme is present in significant amounts in egg white in comparison to the other albumen proteins. Even though lysozyme was successfully purified using si ze exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-50 column, its purification resulted in the loss of lysozyme yield. The column beads trapped and retarded about 64% of the total lysozyme resulting in low yields.Overall this was lab was well engineered to demonstrate how size exclusion chromatography can be used for purification based on molecular mass and how the unique activities of a certain enzyme with its specific substrate can be used to determine the purified fraction that contain the certain enzyme. ineluctably of the Elderly A Case StudyNeeds of the Elderly A Case StudyIntroductionWe live in an maturement terra firma and Australia is not an exception. In 1901 only 4% of Australians were 65 and honest-to-goodness, by 2016 that figure deviate magnitude to 15.3% and is estimated to rise to 23% by 2041 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 2012). The United Nations (UN) principles of ageing, supported by the Australian Government, rec ognises the rights of all one-time(a) soulfulnesss, focusing in areas such(prenominal)(prenominal) as independence booking care self-fulfilment and dignity (Australian Association of societal Workers (AASW), 2013), but are we doing enough to protect these rights and ensuring our ripened Australians are not left disadvant patriarchal? This essay looks at the case of Hank, retrenched from his feelinglong employer at the age of 62 with future employment prospects bleak. It looks at factors through the life course that effect Hank in his one-time(a) age and discovers how neighborly Workers can respond to this demographic to assist them in continuing to fulfil a satisfying life.Key Social, Psychological and Physical Needs As a neighborly escapeer, it is important to have an understanding of the key cordial, psychological and physical unavoidably of the client nonnegative any issues that may be present. In this way, a holistic and specific needs assessment can be made that identifies how a client situation affects his needs moving forward (Tanner Harris,2008). Hank was retrenched from his workplace and is having difficulty finding a smart barter. The jobs he is experienced in are graceful unsuitable due to the onset of arthritis and without formal training, his employment prospects are bleak. There have been many studies linking unemployment with lower levels of well-being, and higher levels of distress, self-doubt and dissatisfaction ( vanDerMeer,2014). Being unemployed can be detrimental to ones needs, not only because of lesser income but also due to the effects on psychological and social factors (VanDerMeer,2014). Societal norms and expectations also plays an important role in well-being, being employed helps us to feel we are conforming to those values and norms (Thompson,2016, VanDerMeer,2014). Mens social identity is often centred around their work and although as a society we are shifting in our view of men being the sole bread winner, for Hanks cohorts, his role as financial provider gave him a instinct of pride and sense of identity. Hanks friends, his social group, have remained at work, this puts added stress on Hanks wellbeing, multitude who are unemployed are better able to divvy up when others around them are in the same situation (Clark,2003).Human Rights and LegislationHank, like all Australians, have a universal right to employment unheeding of factors such as culture, sexual activity, age and disability (Ife,2012). The Australian Government, through the Australian Human Rights Commission, has agreed to uphold the UN covenants on human rights. Although there is no global covenant in the area of ageing, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (1948, art.23) and the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights (1966, p.3,art.6) states that everyone has the right to work and be nonrecreational without discrimination, and that protections should be in place against unemployment. Fe deral legislation in place to uphold Australian Human Rights include the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 and get on Discrimination Act 1992. In Victoria, workers rights are protected through the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, which includes Age and Disability. Adhering to such rights gives all people a sense of human dignity, a value held by the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) in its code of ethics (2010). These protections should be an advantage to Hank but unfortunately, in reality age discrimination, modernisation and globalisation often make it difficult to apply. Impact of Structural and historical FactorsAlthough ageing happens to us all regardless of race, culture, gender or class, these structural factors, economic and social policies, plus experiences throughout the life course, often have a significant influence on later life (Hughes Heycox,2010). That influence, restrained by economic and social policies, has the ability to limit choices and opp ortunities that impact on ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Australias increasing population and its effect on the dependency ratio (the portion of population who are too young or old to work by those of working age), will also have an impact on factors such as housing, medicare, Centrelink, superannuation and age care.If Hank turns 63 in 2017, he was born in 1954, the baby boom propagation. The year of birth is not only important in determining Hanks generational cohorts and possible life course experiences, but also in determining his eligibility for services such as the decrepit pension and superannuation release. The baby boomers were so called due to the raise in babies born during and post world-war II 1943 -1964 (Tolbize,2008). According to Tolbize (2008, p.2), it was an era of prosperity and optimism and bolstered by the sense that they are a special generation capable of changing the world, have equated work with self-worth, contribution and soulal fulfillment. Generalis ing on the typical situation of this generation, Hank and his cohorts would have had a strong sense of work and sacrifice. They believed in loyalty to one employer with success being gained through step-by-step promotion, of paying their dues (Tolbize,2008). Hank was born in the pre-globalisation era where people could more easily get a job without the need for a university or formal trade education (Phillipson,2009). Hank chose to follow the path of his father, leave drill at 16 and start work as a machine operator. He expected, just as his father did, to be in his job for the rest of his working life. However, the recent globalisation of the Australian economy and technological advances, are often reflected in retrenchment of lower skilled workers like Hank and the creation of structural unemployment where unemployment results from shifts in the economy and by factors such as technological advances, making lower-skilled jobs obsolete (Business Council of Australia (BCA),2004, Kl ehe et.al,2012). Government measures are normally in place to provide assist in the form of retraining in such situations. For example, when industries such as the car manufacturing, the government purposed other needed industries for retraining such as, ironically, sr. care. For former(a) workers, such as Hank, the offer is often refused. Hanks self-devaluing attitude based on the ageist stereotype of you cant teach an old dog new tricks is often a barrier to changes in ones employment sector.Based on his year of birth, Hank will be eligible for the aged pension at age 66. Since April 1909, when Australia commenced the Invalid and old(a) Age Pensions Act 1908 for people aged 65, Australias retirement, pension and superannuation policies have become an important factor in the ageing experience. Since then, Australia has made changes to encourage Australians to be more self-sufficient in their retirement, therefore removing the saddle of financial assistance from the government . 1915, saw the Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 allowing employers to make contributions on behalf of its employees for superannuation. In 1972 only 32% of Australians where covered by superannuation. In the 80s, the Federal government established policies around superannuation and taxation, this, plus the introduction of superannuation contribution by employers, increased the number of employees covered by Superannuation in 1990 to 64%. In 1992 the superannuation guarantee was implemented, employers were required to contribute to their employees superannuation fund. The amount of contribution increasingly increased from 3% to 9% in 2002. In July 2017, the qualifying age for the age pension will increase by 6months every two years until it reaches 67 years of age in 2024 (Parliament of Australia,2010). The impact of government policy in Hanks situation means, that although he will not be eligible for the aged pension until 66, he is eligible to access his superannuation (Australian D epartment of Human Services (DHS),2017). The Department of Human Services through Centrelink is responsible for income support such as newstart, however in Hanks case, it is unclear if he is eligible for newstart based on his wifes full-time income. Victorian Skills Gateway, which is part of the Victorian Government Department information and Training (DET) offices help with retraining and job search (DET,2017).Knowing the importance of older workers in the workforce, the government restart program offers incentives for employers to hire people over 50 (DET,2017). They are also sounding at reforming structural barriers such as workers compensation, income protection and professional licensing all factors that affect employability of older workers. This is with the hope, that by removing these barriers, will remove negative perceptions of employing older workers (AHRC,2012).Theories of AgeingIn the last few decades there has seen the development of many theories on ageing that all ow us a better understanding of an older persons world. As a social worker, we can bond upon theories to gain clarity in understanding aspects of the human condition (Tanner Harris,2008, Hughes Heycox,2010). hypothesis can also enable us to find appropriate approaches to dealing with clients based on their specific needs and situations (Tanner Harris,2008).One of the pioneer theories on ageing, which draw popularity in the 60s through to the mid-seventies is disengagement theory. Disengagement theory, as proposed by Cummings and Henry (1961) states that ageing involves the gradual and inevitable withdrawal of a person from interacting with society. It supposes that this inevitable withdrawal is mutually beneficial, as it sees the transfer of power from the old members of society to the young. According to this theory, to successfully age means a reduction in activity levels and interactions until all activities cease in preparation for death (Hughes Heycox,2010). This enables the young a greater opportunity to become more active in add to society, thereby keeping society in balance (Victor,2005). Although Hank did not voluntarily leave the workforce, according to this theory, his retrenchment has set off his path to disengagement. We see this through his discouragement with not finding another job and therefore dropping out of the job search and isolating himself from his friends. Proponents of this theory, would see this as natural procession for Hank Hank is on natural course leading to the remainder of his life. The problem with this theory in its original form however, is that it doesnt consider social processes and structures that are in place, that may hinder a person such as Hanks ability to engage (Hall Scragg,2012). Critics of this theory say it feeds into the negative stereotypes of ageing, making it seem acceptable and normal for older people to disengage and therefore preventing them from creating circumstances that increase engagement an d quality of life (Bengtson DeLiema, 2016). One of its strengths however, is that the development of this theory opened the door to further research, resulting in a clearer view of natural ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Havighursts (1963) activity theory and Atchleys (1989) continuity theory were both in response to disengagement theory (Carstensen,1991). Another such modification to disengagement theory was by Streib Schneider (1971), who concluded that disengagement from one sphere of life, does not mean withdrawal from all spheres (Streib Schneider,1971), this made available the idea of new social roles for the aged. As a social worker, applying Streibs version of disengagement activity within disengagement to the case of Hank, Streib emphasis the need for a new role for the retrenched, involving activities that are not mere busy work but should satisfy the social-psychological needs of Hank and be recognised as valid and socially useful pursuits (Streib Schneider,1971). E ncouraging Hanks involvement in activities such as the mens shed or volunteer organisations such as meals on wheels or hands on eruditeness (teaching disengaged youths practical skills). These activities differentiate themselves from hobby work because they not only benefit Hank but are also of fraternity benefit. Keeping active in such a way may also lead to renewed encouragement towards employment in other areas.Another challenge to the disengagement perspective is the switch theory of ageing. This theory draws upon previous works on the social-psychological theory of exchange, and addresses how a decrease in a persons power and status is associated with ageing (Dowd,1975). Dowd presents ageing and social interaction in the image of a cost-benefit model. Dowd reasons that as we age our conduct becomes a burden to ongoing interactions with others. It takes a greater effort to maintain a level of competent contribution, this decreasing competence means those we interact with are getting less benefit in the return they give. The greater the older person is dependent on others, the more they become a burden. Therefore, an older person begins to withdrawal from social life in order to balance the equation of exchange (Lynott Lynott,1996, Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, the loss of his job has given him a perceived loss of identity, status and power, not only amongst his social circle as Hanks close friends are still employed, but also within his family. Hank took pride in being the financial support giver for the family but this has been taken away from him, and his wife Jane has had to step up into full-time work. Hank feels he has nothing to offer the workforce or his social circles and therefore has begun to disengage. He is no continuing applying for jobs and has withdrawn from contact with people outside his immediate family. The strength of this theory is its power of explanation into the alliance between the costs and rewards within a relationship. It helps us to understand that when we give something to a relationship whether that be employment, friendship, marriage, that to maintain that relationship, we expect something in return (Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, this explains his feeling of discouragement, he wants to give but does not feel he has anything to contribute to a work relationship due to his lack of education and decline in physical health this is also affecting his social network, and family relationship, as he is no longer contributing to the finances. Although this theory is good at explaining relationships on a cost/benefit model, it does not take into work out the complexity of relationships and a persons ability to via media and adapt. It places people in a selfish light willing to give up a relationship if the costs outweigh the benefits. It also doesnt take into account cultural aspects of a relationship and reciprocity of past care or the increased function of older persons assisting the young su ch as childcare of a grandchild (Poole,2013, Carstensen,1991).Where disengagement theory sees the withdrawal and social isolation of older people as a societal need and of mutual consent, the exchange theory of ageing shows an unequal exchange between older persons and others in society. Disengagement theorists would say the reduction in interaction is fuelled by emotional distancing, whereas exchange looks at the change in dynamics of relationships and interaction (Carstensen,1991). And whilst both theories offer an explanation as to why we decrease in social interaction as we age, both are criticised for their lack of complete empirical data (Carstensen,1991). For Hank, I can see both as factors for his discouragement and disengagement the change in dynamics due to long term job loss has become a trigger for emotional distancing. For a social worker it is important to draw on the knowledge these and other theories gives us in offering a wider understanding of Hanks circumstance, to assist him in moving forward.Challenges and Social Worker ResponseAt 62, Hank hasnt reached what most of us would consider older age, but he is now facing a serious transition point due to the current circumstance of his job loss. Hank is looking ahead at the challenges all Australians face when growing old. Australian society has made significant achievements in the promotion of health and wellbeing of its older citizens. However, our older population still faces many challenges. Some of which include biological and psychological changes general and mental health including dementia care. Other challenges include ageism and social isolation. Ageism can be seen here in discriminatory practices in employment or retrenchment strategies that see people like Hank lose their job or have difficulty in finding new employment (Thompson,2016). Throughout the last century, the Australian government has developed policies, such as those mentioned in previous sections, to enable people to be more self-sufficient in their older years. However, the government focus is often on the cost burden of aged care without consideration of protecting human rights, recognising contributions of older Australians and ensuring the needs of social inclusion (Ife,2012, Poole,2013). Although older people may be seen as a burden to society, they actually make substantial contribution. They volunteer an average 4.4hr more a week than working people and are often a valuable source of child-care to their grand-children (Poole,2013).Social work can play an important role in responding to the needs of a client such as Hank by taking a holistic approach to practice. Holistic care means focusing on the whole person, physical, emotional and spiritual, as it relates to their environment. It is taking into consideration a wide range of factors that affect the client (Tanner Harris, 2008). A social worker will consider all aspects involved in their care including, ecological and systems perspective s, legal and ethical matters, plus the biopsychosocial aspects (AASW,2013). The quality of a persons life can be enriched by adding opportunities to thrive under any circumstances. So assisting Hank maintain his independence and to participate to the fullness of his being, is important to his wellbeing and speaks of Hank in terms of his right to dignity and self-fulfilment. As we have seen above,a social worker uses knowledge, theoretical frameworks and models to identifying the best way to approach and discover the clients, strengths, weakness, and opportunities for participation and well-being. It is also important in the case of Hank, to be up-to-date with the latest policies and procedures provided by both State and Federal government. A person-centred approach considers the client as the expert in their own life and able to decide on their own lives path (Tanner Harris, 2008). Thus, encouraging clients within the system to take control and be empowered within their own lives. The effectiveness of this in Hanks case, is it supports the need for collaboration and keeps at the forefront the client and his family, as people with needs and desires, who should always be in control of their own decisions.Social workers also focus on social justice, delving into the inequalities and oppression within society based on such factors as age, gender, class, poverty, race, culture and sexual orientation to become an advocate of change (AASW,2013, Thompson,2016). They can help develop those opportunities through change in policy, social planning and community involvement (Hughes Heycox,2010). This Contributes not only to the individual client, but to the community as a whole.ConclusionWith Australias growing older population and the fast-paced technological world of modernisation and globalisation, there are many real cases like Hanks happening every day. It is hoped that any new federal government reforms will assist in helping older Australians maintain active and p roductive lives, not only for the sake of individual wellbeing but also for the betterment of society. Social workers can have a role to play in policy reform by being strong voice in advocacy for change. Social Workers also have an arsenal of tools to draw upon, to help work collaboratively with the client to assist them in making decisions that have a positive influence on their lives and the lives of those around them.ReferencesAustralian Association of Social Workers, 2013, Ageing in Australia AASW Position Paper, viewed 9th prove 2017, https//www.aasw.asn.au/document/item/4356Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2010, Code of Ethics, rev. edn, AASW, viewed 19 April 2016, https//www.aasw.asn.au/practitioner-resources/code-of-ethicsAustralian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Population by Age and Sex, Australia, States and Territories, ABS, viewed 10th swear out 2017, http//www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/emailprotected/0/1CD2B1952AFC5E7ACA257298000F2E76?OpenDocumentAustralian D epartment of Education and Training, 2017, General Employee Entitlements and Redundancy Scheme (GEERS), viewed 12th March 2017, https//www.employment.gov.au/general-employee-entitlements-and-redundancy-scheme-geersAustralian Department of Education and Training, 2017, Restart help to employ mature workers, viewed 12th March 2017, https//www.employment.gov.au/restart-help-employ-mature-workers-0Australian Department of Human Services, 2017, Age Pension, viewed 12th March 2017, https//www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/age-pensionAustralian Human Rights Commission, 2012, Working past our 60s Reforming laws and policies for the older worker, viewed 9th March 2017, https//www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/age/publications/Working_past_our_60s_2012.pdfBengtson V.L., DeLiema, M., 2016. Theories of Aging and Social Gerontology Explaining How Social Factors Influence Well-Being in Later Life. In M Meyer and E Daniele (ed.), Gerontology Changes, Challenge s, and Solutions, vol 1. Social and Life Course Issues, Praeger, CaliforniaBengtson, V.L., Burgess, E.O. and Parrott, T.M., 1997. Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. The diarys of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(2), pp.S72-S88.Business Council of Australia, 2004, offshoring, global outsourcing and the Australian economy continuing Australias desegregation in the world economy, viewed 11th March 2017 http//www.bca.com.au/docs/474AB708-A812-41CD-962A-11B684489C0E/ offshoring_global_outsourcing_and_the_australian-economy_continuing_australias_integration_intothe_global_economy_14-7-2004.pdfCarstensen, L.L., 1991. Selectivity theory Social activity in life-span context. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 11, pp.195-217.Clark, A.E., 2003. Unemployment as a social norm Psychological evidence from panel data. Journal of labor economics, 21(2), pp.323-351.Cummings, E. and Henry, W.E., 1961. Growing old The Process of Disengagement. Basic, New York.Dowd, J.J., 1975. Aging as exchange A preface to theory. Journal of Gerontology, 30(5), pp.584-594.Hall, B. and Scragg, T. eds., 2012. Social Work with Older People Approaches to Person-centred Practice. Open University Press, New YorkHughes, M. and Heycox, K., 2010. Older people, ageing and social work Knowledge for practice. Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, NSWIfe, J., 2012. Human rights and social work Towards rights-based practice. Cambridge University Press. larboard MelbourneKlehe, U.C., Koen, J. and De Pater, I.E., 2012. 17 Ending on the Scrap Heap The Experience of Job Loss and Job Search among Older Workers. In W. Borman J Hedge (eds), The Oxford vade mecum of work and aging, Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 13 Mar. 2017, from http//www.oxfordhandbooks.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195385052-e-017.Lynott, R.J. and Lynott, P.P., 1996. Tracing the course of theoretical development in the sociology of aging. The Gerontologist, 36(6), pp.749-760.Parliament of Australia, 2010, Chronology of superannuation and retirement income in Australia, viewed 15th March 2017, http//www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/ChronSuperannuationPhillipson, C., 2009. Social welfare, aging, and globalization in a post-industrial society. In J. Hendricks J. Powell (Eds.), The welfare state in post-industrial society, pp. 57-70. Springer, New York.Poole, M., 2013. Ageing, Health, and The Demographic Revolution, in J. Germov (ed), Second Opinion, Oxford University Press, South MelbourneStreib, G.F. and Schneider, C.J., 1971. Retirement in American society. Cornell University press, NYTanner, D. and Harris, J., 2008. Working with older people. Routledge, LondonTolbize, A., 2008. Generational differences in the workplace. Research and training center on community living, 19, pp.1-13.Thompson, N., 2016. Anti-d iscriminatory practice Equality, diversity and social justice. Palgrave Macmillan, LondonVan der Meer, P.H., 2014. Gender, unemployment and subjective well-being Why being unemployed is worse for men than for women. Social Indicators Research, 115(1), pp.23-44.Victor, C., 2005. The social context of ageing A textbook of gerontology. Routledge, Oxon.Legislation Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 Age Discrimination Act 1992Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic)Income Tax Assessment Act 1915Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908TreatiesInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, (resolution 2200A), entry into force 1976Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, (resolution 217 A), adopted 10 December 1948.

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect Surgical ClosureSurgical end of secundum atrial septal defect in a patient with atrial situs solitus and interrupted inferior nervure cava report of 2 casesKey Words Interrupted inferior vena cava, Situs solitus, Atrium septal defects, circumscribed struggle incisionAbstractThe exceedrence of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) in setting of atrial situs solitus is relatively rare. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum atrium septal defects (ASDs) in patients with atrial situs solitus and an interrupted IVC. The first case was a 7-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the posterior rim whose interrupted IVC and azygos continuation had been preoperatively diagnosed by the echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The operating theatre was safely performed using a large- surface venous drainage cannula from the superb vena cava (SVC). The second case was a 2-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the sterling( prenominal) rim whose interrupted IVC was not diagnosed at the preoperative examination. The operation was performed through a average partial sternotomy via a 5.0cm limited skin incision, so head up inspection of the SVC was not cl aboriginal obtained. A cardiopulmonary bypass was established using the recommended size of venous drainage cannulae however, the SVC could not be removed without elevating the SVC pressure. As a result, the ASD was closed directly under sucking the venous return from the SVC without snaring it. Post-operative computed tomography detected an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both(prenominal)(prenominal) supracardinal veins, known as a double IVC.IntroductionWhereas an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) because of the absence seizure of its hepatic segment is mainly noted in patients with substitution syndrome, the occurrence of an interrupted IVC within the atrial situs solitus is reported as ranging from 0.08 to 0.1% 1 ,2,3. In these patients, cardiac malformations are frequently associated, and the main types of abnormalities include atrial septal defects (ASDs, 10.5 %) and ventricular septal defects (7.5 %) 1.Although this systemic venous anomaly provides no symptoms by itself, it seems to be relevant in cardiac surgery, especially in procedures that require approaches through the function atrium. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum ASD in patients with atrial situs solitus and interrupted IVC, focusing on perioperative findings and associated issues.CaseCase 1A clinically symptomless 7-year-old boy (body weight, 22 kg height, 125 cm) with an ASD secundum, which was detected at the age of 10 months, was admitted for surgical closure of the lesion. Device ASD closure by catheter intervention was contraindicated because of the absence of the posterior rim. Preoperative echocardiography revealed an atrial venous sinus solitus with an 18 by 21-mm ASD secundum without t he posterior rim and relative valvular pulmonary stenosis. Also, interrupted IVC was suspected because drainage of the IVC into the right on atrium was not detected. Cardiac catheterization to assess the indication for surgical pulmonary valvotomy showed a systemic and pulmonary blood flow ratio of 3.14 and pull-buck pressure side of 10 mmHg from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery. Furthermore, no hepatic segment of the IVC was detected thus, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation was confirmed (Fig. 1).Through the median full sternotomy, a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through wage increase aorta perfusion with a 16-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the superior vena cava (SVC) and the hepatic vein using 28 and 20 Fr cannulae, whereas recommended cannulae sizes were 20 and 24 Fr, respectively. The ASD secundum was closed directly through the right atriotomy under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest. The operation was completed without any issues.Case 2A clinically asymptomatic 2-year-old boy (body weight, 10 kg height, 81 cm) had recently been diagnosed with a large ASD secundum without the superior rim. Further examination revealed an atrial sinus solitus, an 18 by 18-mm ASD secundum without the superior rim, and a bicuspid aortic valve. However, an interrupted IVC was not diagnosed.Through a median partial sternotomy via a limited skin incision (50mm in length), a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through ascending aorta perfusion with a 12-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the SVC and hepatic vein, although it was thought to be an IVC at that time, using the recommended sizes of 16 and 18 Fr cannulae. During the surgery, the SVC was attempted to be snared, but it could not be because of the elevating SVC pressure. The depth of cannula and the location of snaring were repeatedly changed without resolving this issue therefore, the SVC was left without being snared. The ASD secundum was closed directly under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest with sucking the venous return from the SVC. Weaning off from cardiopulmonary bypass was uneventful, and the operation was completed without any issues. Post-operative computed tomography showed an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both supracardinal veins, known as double IVC (Fig. 2).On medical check-up at the outpatient clinic one year after discharge, advanced sick sinus syndrome was detected by electrocardiography. 24-Hour Holter electrocardiography monitoring showed that the amount of money calculate of heartbeats was 142,036 per day, 8 beats of isolated premature atrial contractions, and had no evidence of premature ventricular contractions or more than 2.5 seconds of sinus pose.DiscussionLike the first presented case, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation can usually be diagnosed by preoperative echocardiography 1, which can be easily tough a t the establishment of a cardiopulmonary bypass by selecting adequately-sized venous cannulae. If it is not preoperatively diagnosed, direct intra-operative inspection usually makes the diagnosis possible. However, the cosmetic outcome essential be taken into consideration during surgical ASD repair as well as secure defect closure after the popularization of percutaneous trick closure, like in the second case. Therefore, a limited skin incision with partial sternotomy was selected for this patient, which unfortunately interrupted clear observation of the SVC.Selection of large sized SVC drainage cannula should have been considered first during inadequate venous drainage, however, which was deferred because the total cardiopulmonary bypass was easily established as long as the SVC was not snared. As is our policy, the IVC is not snared during the closing of the ASD secundum in order to obtain a certain identification of the posterior rim. Therefore, the tip of the IVC drainage can nula was positioned at the IVC around the right atrial junction for sufficient drainage of both the IVC and hepatic venous blood flow. As a result, such a maneuver enabled the establishment of a total cardiopulmonary bypass with small-sized SVC drainage cannula and eventually large hepatic vein cannula.As shown in Case 2, an anomalous IVC is known to accompany various circle disorders, though only a few cases have been reported 4,5. One of the causes of rhythm disorders is the degeneration of the atrial muscle around the sinus node, which might occur as a result of a local volume overload on the sinus node by the presence of azygos continuation. Although the total number of heart beats was well maintained and more than 2.5 seconds of a sinus pose was not observed until now, a scheduled follow-up was mandatory for early detection of further advancement of the sinus node dysfunction.In summary, two surgical experiences of secundum ASD associated with an interrupted IVC with azygos co ntinuation were reported. Under partial sternotomy via limited skin incision, precautions should be taken to detect the presence of this venous anomaly if venous drainage from the SVC is not adequately obtained using cannula of the recommended size.

Skoda Auto - International Business :: essays research papers

Skoda AutoThe story of Skoda is one of struggle and success. Skoda enjoys a century-long history of motor vehicle manufacturing in a small town in the Czech Republic, about sixty kilometers outside the cultural and tourist center of Prague. Despite early achievements, times became much harder during the former socialist era. The physical whole shebang fell into disrepair and quality declined. However, this tale in one of transformation, and Skoda has once again become very successful in a joint venture confederation with the large German manufacturer Volkswagen (Mendenhall and Oddou, 379).At the beginning of 1895 mechanic Vclav Laurin and bookseller Vclav Klement began producing bicycles Slavia in Mlada Boleslav.In the next few years, 1899, the firm Laurin & Klement decided to manufacture in addition motorcycles, which leaded to success in many international competitions. After basic attempt at the turn of the century the firm started to manufacture cars. In 1905, Laurin & Kleme nt introduced their first car, Voiturette A, which became very successful between Czech classical veteran cars. Its production grew so fast that soon L & K overstepped the scope of the family business. Skoda 420 PopularIn 1907 the founders implemented the business transaction to joint-stock company. In 1920s, the need for merge with stronger industrial partners was expressed that, in 1925, Laurin and Klement merged with Skoda Plzen (Pilsner). In the following years the modernize manufacturing did not only include cars, but also trucks, buses, air engines, and agriculture machinery. In 1930 the car production in the scope of concern was earned many credits. entry of Joint Company for Automobile Industry (JCAI) after the world industrial crisis leaded for the success on the international market with new models of Skoda, Skoda 422 and 420 Popular.The World state of struggle II had broken this development, which damage the civil program and oriented the production of the war equipmen t. The JCIA Skoda became the part of German concern Hermann-Goring-Werke and fully did have to orient to the war equipment. Besides the preparation of the various parts of guns, Skoda manufactured also different kinds of terrain vehicles, such as heavy tractors and towing vehicles, tanks, etc. Skoda 1101After World War II the JCIA was changed to Automobile Factory/National Company (AFNC) Skoda. Skoda started to manufacture new models, Skoda 1101/1102 Tudor, which had got along with the technical success of the prewar years. During the 1950s and 1960s, Skoda again introduced new models, Skoda 1200, Spartak, Octavia, Felicia, as rise up as Skoda 1000MB.

Innocence Lost in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas :: John Boyne, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is based on John Boynes book of the comparable name, which Id read a few years ago. The cover of the book gave away little of the plot, allowing the reader to discover just what it was about while they were reading it.For instance, I dont think its ever directly mentioned that the book is set in World War II and that the father of central character Bruno is a Nazi.That gradual introduction of the plot cant be done in the film - as soon as we see the swastikas in the first frame of the film, and catch a glimpse of Brunos dad (Thewlis) we know exactly what he is. And we also know the significance of the striped pyjamas worn by the old man who peels potatoes in the kitchen.The story starts with eight-year-old Bruno (Butterfield) nettle to discover his father has been given a new posting, to a house in the country. He misses his friends until he spots what he believes is a farm through and through the woods in the backyard. But its an odd farm, the peop le all wear those striped pyjamas.Thinking there might be some children to play with Bruno asks his baffle (Farmiga) if he can go and have a look. She immediately tells him he is not to leave the yard. But curiosity defines the better of him and he sneaks out through the woods to the edge of the farm, which is surrounded by an electric fence.Sitting on the other side is another eight-year-old, Shmuel (brilliantly played by Scanlon). The pair get talking and, soon enough, Bruno becomes a regular visitor to the fence. Until that heartbreaking conclusion.The film is largely told from the perspective of Bruno and Shmuel, neither of whom comprehend the true nature of the farm. Indeed, neither apprehend much of what is happening in Germany at the time.His parents, who most definitely do know whats going on, steer Bruno away from the ugly truth of the farm in their backyard.This provides an interesting insight. The father in particular fully supports the persecution of the Jews - to him it is a normal part of life - yet prefers to change the subject rather than offering his intelligence an explanation. It makes you wonder if its because theres still some small part of him that doubts his actions.Also interesting is the attitude of Brunos mother when she sees smoke from the camps chimneys and discovers what theyre actually burning.